【正文】 how that decision might influence its rival’s 業(yè)決策時(shí)，充分考慮到其他對(duì)手的行動(dòng)。 ? There are several firms, each of which is large enough to affect prices, but none with an uncontested 在幾家廠商，每家足以影響價(jià)格，但沒(méi)有一家是絕對(duì)壟斷地位。因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)量越大，單位產(chǎn)品的固定成本越少。 14 ?When average costs decline in output, marginal cost is always less than average ，平均成本越低；當(dāng)平均成本是產(chǎn)出遞減函數(shù)時(shí)，邊際成本總是低于平均成本。 ? In order to sell an additional unit of output the firm must lower the price of all units sold (not just the marginal one). ? 為了多銷售一單位產(chǎn)品，企業(yè)必須將所有出售產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格降低，而不僅僅是最后一單位產(chǎn)品。 ?They know that they can sell more only by reducing their price. 能夠通過(guò)降低價(jià)格銷售更多的產(chǎn)品 ? Each firm views itself as a price setter, choosing the price of its product, rather than a price 是價(jià)格的設(shè)定者，而不是接受者 ? The simplest imperfectly petitive market structure is that of a pure monopoly, a market in which a firm faces no 是 ——完全壟斷（沒(méi)有任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)） 63 The Theory of Imperfect Competition 10 ? Monopoly壟斷 : A Brief Review ? Marginal revenue 邊際收益 ?The extra revenue the firm gains from selling an additional unit多銷售一單位產(chǎn)品增加的額外收益。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)一般由許多小廠商構(gòu)成，屬于完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；而內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)一般由小數(shù)幾家廠商構(gòu)成，屬于不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 ? 兩類規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)均是國(guó)際貿(mào)易的重要原因。 ? Internal 內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) ?單位成本依賴于單個(gè)企業(yè)規(guī)模而不是行業(yè)規(guī)模。 5 Table 61: Relationship of Input to Output for a Hypothetical Industry 假定行業(yè)的投入與產(chǎn)出關(guān)系 6 Output總產(chǎn)出 Total Labor Input總勞動(dòng)投入 Average Labor Input平均勞動(dòng)投入 10 10 1 20 15 30 20 40 25 50 30 60 35 7 62 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu) ?規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的形式 :(P117) ? External外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) ?外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)：?jiǎn)挝怀杀疽蕾囉谡麄€(gè)行業(yè)的規(guī)模而不是任何單個(gè)企業(yè)規(guī)模。 4 ? Under increasing returns to scale在規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增的情況下 : ? Output grows proportionately more than the increase in all 于投入增加的比例。1 ? I導(dǎo)論 ? Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易：概述 ? Economies of Scale and Market Structure規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu) ? The Theory of Imperfect Competition不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)理論 ? Monopolistic Competition and Trade壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與貿(mào)易 ? Dumping傾銷 ? The Theory of External Economies外部經(jīng)濟(jì)理論 ? External Economies and International Trade外部經(jīng)濟(jì)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易 ? Summary總結(jié) Chapter6 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) ,不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和國(guó)際貿(mào)易 2 Introduction ? Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons:一個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易主要基于兩個(gè)方面原因： ? Countries trade because they differ either in their resources or in ? Countries trade in order to achieve scale economies or increasing returns in ? Two models of international trade in which economies of scale and imperfect petition play a crucial role:國(guó)際貿(mào)易中規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與非完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)扮演重要角色（兩個(gè)模型） ? Monopolistic petition model壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模型 ? Dumping model傾銷模型 3 61 Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易：概述 ? Models of trade based on parative advantage (. Ricardian model) used the assumptions of constant returns to scale and perfect petition（比較優(yōu)勢(shì)模型有兩個(gè)基本假定： 規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變 和 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ） : ? Increasing the amount of all inputs used in the production of any modity will increase output of that modity in the same proportion.（假定投入增加 n倍，產(chǎn)出也增加 n倍 ,即投入增加的倍數(shù)與產(chǎn)出增加的倍數(shù)相等，我們稱之為規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變。） ? In practice, many industries are characterized by economies of scale (also referred to as increasing returns).而實(shí)際中，許多行業(yè)存在規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增 ? Production is most efficient, the larger the scale at which it takes ，生產(chǎn)效率更高。 ? Average costs (costs per unit) decline with the size of the ，平均成本下降。 ?特征：較多的小企業(yè)且為完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 ?特征：市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)為不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，大規(guī)模企業(yè)比小企業(yè)更有成本優(yōu)勢(shì)。且對(duì)市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生不同的影響。 8 Economies of scale can be either:(P122) ? External ?The cost per unit depends on the size of the industry but not necessarily on the size of any one firm. ?An industry will typically consist of many small firms and be perfectly petitive. ? Internal ?The cost per unit depends on the size of an individual firm but not necessarily on that of the industry. ?The market structure will be imperfectly petitive with large firms having a cost advantage over small. ? Both types of scale economies are important causes of international trade. 9 ? Imperfect petition不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ? Firms are aware that they can influence the price of their ，但降價(jià)能提高銷量。 ?Its curve, MR, always lies below the demand curve, 。 11 Figure 61: Monopolistic Pricing and Production Decisions(P119） 壟斷價(jià)格制定與生產(chǎn)決策 D Cost, C and Price, P成本或價(jià)格 Quantity, Q數(shù)量 Monopoly profits壟斷利潤(rùn) AC PM QM MR MC AC 12 ? Marginal Revenue and Price 邊際收益與價(jià)格 ?Marginal revenue is always less than the 際收益總是小于價(jià)格 ?The relationship between marginal revenue and price depends on two things:(P124)邊際收益與價(jià)格的關(guān)系取決于兩個(gè)方面 ? How much output the firm is already selling廠商已經(jīng)銷售了多少產(chǎn)品 ? The slope