【正文】 章 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)1. 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)是由硬件和軟件組成。有1612424848點(diǎn)陣等。字形碼又稱漢字字模，用于在顯示器或打印機(jī)上輸出各種文字和符號(hào)。而區(qū)位碼的區(qū)碼和位碼各加32就得到國標(biāo)碼。所有漢字分94個(gè)區(qū)，每個(gè)區(qū)94個(gè)漢字。252。252。浮點(diǎn)數(shù)：小數(shù)點(diǎn)位置不固定的數(shù)稱為浮點(diǎn)數(shù)252。216。 原碼 用0表示正號(hào) 1表示負(fù)號(hào) 例如：（+45）10的原碼為（00101101）2 ，（45）的原碼為（10101101）2216。 在有模運(yùn)算中，減去一個(gè)數(shù)等于加上這個(gè)數(shù)對(duì)模的補(bǔ)數(shù)。按模運(yùn)算是指運(yùn)算結(jié)果超過模時(shí)，模（或模的整數(shù)倍）將溢出而只剩下余數(shù)。216。216。 9. 計(jì)算機(jī)中的數(shù)據(jù)單位位(bit)：計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的最小單元(0、1)字節(jié)(Byte)：處理數(shù)據(jù)的基本單位(8bit/Byte)常用的字節(jié)計(jì)數(shù)單位： 1KB＝1024 Byte (210B) 1MB＝1024 KB (220B) 1GB＝1024 MB (230B) 1TB＝1024 GB (240B)字長(zhǎng)：CPU一次處理數(shù)據(jù)的二進(jìn)制位數(shù)。 十進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)十六進(jìn)制：方法同上。 十進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)八進(jìn)制：方法同上。信息編碼的基本元素是0和1兩個(gè)數(shù)碼，稱為二進(jìn)制。信息強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)人有用的數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)將可能影響到人們的行為與決策。而且還包括圖形、圖像、動(dòng)畫、影像、聲音等多媒體數(shù)據(jù)。 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域：1）數(shù)值計(jì)算 （主要是科學(xué)研究等數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算問題） 2）數(shù)據(jù)及事務(wù)處理 （非科技方面的數(shù)據(jù)管理和計(jì)算處理） 3）自動(dòng)控制與人工智能 （多用于航空航天領(lǐng)域） 4）計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)（CAI） 5）通信與網(wǎng)絡(luò)4. 計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)：巨型化、微型化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、智能化光計(jì)算機(jī) 生物計(jì)算機(jī) 量子計(jì)算機(jī)5. 常用的數(shù)制進(jìn)位制進(jìn)位規(guī)則基數(shù)所用的數(shù)碼位 權(quán) 表示符號(hào)二進(jìn)制逢二進(jìn)一R=2O,12iB（Binary）八進(jìn)制逢八進(jìn)一R=80,1,…,78iO（Octal）十進(jìn)制逢十進(jìn)一R=100,1,…,910iD(Decimal)十六進(jìn)制逢十六進(jìn)一R=160,1…,9,A,.F16iH(Hexadecimal)基數(shù)：R進(jìn)制的基數(shù)=R位權(quán)：在數(shù)制中，各位數(shù)字所表示值的大小不僅與該數(shù)字本身的大小有關(guān)，還與該數(shù)字所在的位置有關(guān)，我們稱這關(guān)系為數(shù)的位權(quán)。 第四代 1971年以來 超大規(guī)模集成電路，深入到各行各業(yè)，家庭和個(gè)人開始使用計(jì)算機(jī)2. 計(jì)算機(jī)的類型按計(jì)算機(jī)用途分類：通用計(jì)算機(jī)和專用計(jì)算機(jī)按計(jì)算機(jī)規(guī)模分類：巨型機(jī)、大型機(jī)、小型機(jī)、微型機(jī)、工作站、服務(wù)器、嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)按計(jì)算機(jī)處理的數(shù)據(jù)分類：數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)、模擬計(jì)算機(jī)、數(shù)字模擬混合計(jì)算機(jī)3. 計(jì)算機(jī)的特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域計(jì)算機(jī)是一種能按照事先存儲(chǔ)的程序，自動(dòng)、高速地進(jìn)行大量數(shù)值計(jì)算和各種信息處理的現(xiàn)代化智能電子設(shè)備。 第二代 19581964 晶體管計(jì)算機(jī)，主要應(yīng)用于數(shù)據(jù)處理領(lǐng)域216。②電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了電子計(jì)算機(jī)的更新?lián)Q代：電子管、晶體管、集成電路、大規(guī)模及超大規(guī)模集成電路電子計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展時(shí)間：216。s legal awareness is increased further. 　　(Check with 3 points, scoring 3 points) 2. promote legal six kinds of entering activities, and vigorously expand law six kinds of entering connotation and extension activities, establish a legal six kinds of entering model typical, typical leading and exemplary role in promoting the rule of law publicity and education work in our County, the County set up legal six kinds of entering model typical of 11. 　　(Check with 3 points, selfevaluation3) 3. carrying out who is in charge of who FrancoPrussian, who law enforcement who legal principle, enactment of the XX County implement who is in charge of who第一章 計(jì)算機(jī)及信息技術(shù)概述1. 電子計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展歷程①1946年2月由賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)研制成功的ENIAC是世界上第一臺(tái)電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)。 insisted who petent who FrancoPrussian, and who labor who FrancoPrussian of work principles, Stateowned enterprises, labor units established has farmers workers continues to FrancoPrussian education system, regularly or not regularly organization carried out education training. FrancoPrussian Unionrelated functions in the County Fairgrounds, station distribution center for migrants, legal service through the establishment of enquiry points and propaganda materials, sent out vans, station electronic display rolling, installation of car popularization anime and other forms of floating on the rule of law publicity and education activities. Positive return during the legal education of migrant workers, improve migrant workers 39。warm FrancoPrussian peace and harmony and the new year greeting cards, and the publicity photo gallery and the 2015 law and usage, lawabiding Holler, promotional materials such as calendars, market day, Festival Community law, legal in rural activities. Meanwhile, the County 9 townships (towns) Legal Office 85 villages, 4 munity two mittees cadre carried out against the people39。s mediation law and standardized legal documents, the rural land contracting law and the rule of law training tour of the Marriage Act and other laws and regulations. Meanwhile, the party members of the party school teaching resources and annually to the village (munity) the favorable opportunity for the County Clerk training 23,000 rural pave the way for the law and the 1972 legal advocacy Center legal publicity and education, increase their use of legal means to manage rural services, the ability to prevent and deal with conflicts and disputes. (Assessment points 3 points, since assessment 3 points) 13. increased on farmers workers FrancoPrussian education efforts, regularly indepth to farmers workers concentrated live to, and work places and the main activities places carried out regular of rule of law education。 law concept and awareness of labor rights according to law. For five years, and floating population of migrant workers, the rule of law publicity and education activities reached more than 600 times, issue the labor contract law, the census law, literature, more than 10,000 copies. (Assessment points 3 points, since assessment 3 points) three, and to innovation seeking development, further deepening rule of law publicity education of way method, solid advance 65 FrancoPrussian target task of pleted (assessment points 30 points, since assessment 30 points) 1. to legal six into activities for carrier, to I County 193 support rule of law publicity literary team for relies on, take masses joy Le see of national dance, and sketch, publicity way, active advance area within rule of law publicity education activities, County minority masses, and Religious clergy and religious people39?！罢Q生了一個(gè)電子的大腦” 致命缺陷：沒有存儲(chǔ)程序。 第一代 19461958 電子管計(jì)算機(jī)，主要應(yīng)用科學(xué)計(jì)算和軍事計(jì)算 216。 第三代 19641971 集成電路計(jì)算機(jī)，主要應(yīng)用于可科學(xué)計(jì)算，數(shù)據(jù)處理，工業(yè)控制等領(lǐng)域216。（含義）A. 運(yùn)算速度快 運(yùn)算速度用MIPS(百萬條指令每秒)來衡量，是計(jì)算機(jī)性能的指標(biāo)之一B. 計(jì)算精度高 應(yīng)用于數(shù)值計(jì)算C. 具有邏輯判斷能力 信息檢索、圖形識(shí)別D. 記憶性強(qiáng)E. 可靠性高、通用性強(qiáng) 應(yīng)用于數(shù)據(jù)處理、工業(yè)控制、輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）、輔助制造（CAM）辦公自動(dòng)化。位權(quán)：一個(gè)與數(shù)字位置有關(guān)的常數(shù)，位權(quán)=Rn6. 數(shù)據(jù)、信息和信息編碼的概念數(shù)據(jù)不僅指數(shù)字、字母、文字和其他特殊字符。信息是人們按照預(yù)先的目的，通過從各種不同的渠道、不同的角度觀察記錄反映客觀事物狀態(tài)和特征的某種概念或經(jīng)過加工后的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)是客觀存在的事實(shí)、概念等，是一種可供加工的特殊表達(dá)形式。7. 計(jì)算機(jī)仍采用二進(jìn)制位數(shù)表示信息的原因：1）物理上容易實(shí)現(xiàn) 2）運(yùn)算規(guī)則簡(jiǎn)單 3）可靠性高 4）易于實(shí)現(xiàn)邏輯運(yùn)算和邏輯判斷8. 二進(jìn)制和其它進(jìn)制的轉(zhuǎn)換十進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)二進(jìn)制：整數(shù)部分除以2取余，直至商為0；小數(shù)部分乘以2取整，直至小數(shù)部分為0或達(dá)到所需精度為止。整數(shù)部分除以8，小數(shù)部分乘以8。整數(shù)部分除以16，小數(shù)部分乘以16。10. 信息表示與編碼所謂編碼，就是利用數(shù)字串來標(biāo)識(shí)所處理對(duì)象的不同個(gè)體。 在數(shù)學(xué)中，數(shù)值是用“＋”和“－”表示正數(shù)和負(fù)數(shù)的，而在計(jì)算機(jī)中只有0和1，所以正負(fù)號(hào)也用0和1表示，即數(shù)值符號(hào)數(shù)字化。 “?！笔侵敢粋€(gè)系統(tǒng)所能表示的數(shù)據(jù)個(gè)數(shù)。 假設(shè)M為模，若數(shù)a，b滿足a＋b＝M，則稱a，b互為補(bǔ)數(shù)。 216。 反碼 對(duì)于正數(shù)，其反碼與其原碼相同；對(duì)于負(fù)數(shù)，用相應(yīng)正數(shù)的原碼各位取反來表示，包括將符號(hào)位取反。 補(bǔ)碼 正數(shù)的補(bǔ)碼與原碼和反碼相同；負(fù)數(shù)的補(bǔ)碼為該負(fù)數(shù)的反碼末位加1.11. 實(shí)數(shù)的表示定點(diǎn)數(shù)：小數(shù)點(diǎn)位置固定的數(shù)稱為定點(diǎn)數(shù)。 BCD碼 即用二進(jìn)制位表示十進(jìn)制，最常見的是842BCD碼采用四位二進(jìn)