【正文】 evel feature, the robot will habituate to stimuli that are currently receiving attentional resources. Shared attention and theory of mind. One critical milestone in a child’s development is the recognition that others have beliefs, desires, and perceptions independent of the child’s. The abilities to recognize what another person can see, know that another person maintains a false belief, and recognize that another person likes games differing from those the child enjoys are all part of this developmental chain. Furthermore, the ability to recognize yourself in the mirror, the ability to ground words in perceptual experiences, and the skills involved in creative and imaginative play might also be related to this developmental advance. We are implementing a model of socialskill development that accounts for both normal development and the developmental disorders associated with autism. We have implemented systems that can detect faces and eyes in unconstrained visual environments and are working on detecting eye contact. Although this work is still preliminary, we believe that implementing a developmental model on a robot will allow detailed and controlled manipulations of the model while maintaining the same testing environment and methodology used on human subjects. Researchers can vary internal model parameters systematically as they evaluate the effects of different environmental conditions on each step of development. Because the robot brings the model into the same environment as a human subject, researchers can use similar evaluation criteria (whether subjective measurements from observers or quantitative measurements such as reaction time or accuracy). Also, researchers can subject a robot to testing that’s potentially hazardous, costly, or uhical to conduct on humans. Although scientific research usually takes credit as the inspiration for science fiction, it’s possible that with AI and robotics, fiction led the way. However, over the past 10 years, humanoid robotics has bee the focus of many research groups, conferences, and special issues. While outpacing the imagination of sciencefiction writers might be difficult, our work does indicate one possible future. Robots will be able to interact with humans in humanlike 8 ways, and people will find this normal and natural. At the same time, we will continue to learn more about the nature of our own intelligence by building these systems. Nationality： United States of America Source： MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 9 譯文 類(lèi) 人機(jī)器人：一 種 新型工具 在 1923 年的劇本《洛薩克萬(wàn)能機(jī)器人公司》（ Rossum’s Universal Robots）中 ，捷克作家查別克（ Karel Capek）創(chuàng)造了 robot 這個(gè)詞，它派生于捷克語(yǔ) robota，指 被迫做工的 勞動(dòng) 者 。 and realtime control. In 1993, we began a project aimed at constructing a humanoid robot for use in exploring theories of human intelligence. In addition to the relevant engineering, puter architecture, and realtimecontrol issues, we’ve had to address issues particular to integrated systems: What types of sensors should we use, and how should the robot interpret the data? How can the robot act deliberately to achieve a task and remain responsive to the environment? How can the system adapt to changing conditions and learn new tasks? Each humanoid robotics lab must address many of the same motorcontrol, perception, and machinelearning problems. The principles behind our methodology The real divergence between groups stems from radically different research agendas and underlying assumptions. At the MIT AI Lab, three basic principles guide our research ? We design humanoid robots to act autonomously and safely, without human control or supervision, in natural work environments and to interact with people. We do not design them as solutions for specific robotic needs (as with welding robots on assembly lines). Our goal is to build robots that function in many different realworld environments in essentially the same way. ? Social robots must be able to detect and understand natural human cues—the lowlevel social conventions that people understand and use everyday, such as head nods or eye contact—so that anyone can interact with them without special training or instruction. They must also be able to employ those conventions to perform an interactive exchange. The necessity of these abilities influences the robots’ controlsystem design and physical embodiment. 2 ? Robotics offers a unique tool for testing models drawn from developmental psychology and cognitive science. We hope not only to create robots inspired by biological capabilities, but also to help shape and refine our understanding of those capabilities. By applying a theory to a real system, we test the hypotheses and can more easily judge them on their content and coverage. Autonomous robots in a human environment Unlike indust