【正文】 Importers and exporters could not enter into a contract on the basis of mercial credit when they contact for the first time and not know each other well. The buyers are worried that the seller might not deliver goods in terms of contract, . not deliver on schedule or the quality of goods might not ply with the specification of contract, while the sellers are worried that buyers might not make payment on schedule or refuse to pay. If so, both sides can enter into a deal with the help of banks， in which buyer’s bank could assure the seller with bank’s credit that so long as plied documents are submitted by seller, banks would pay and that banks would issue L/C in term of buyer’s requirements and examine the documents presented by seller. If documents do not ply with L/C’s requirements, bank would reject them. Otherwise, bank would pensate buyer. Buyers apply for issuing L/C at his bank, the contents of which include the description of goods, its quantity, specification, price and amount, packing, latest shipment and documents presentation and their categories and numbers, etc. To sum up, buyer can write all his concerns into L/C and ask bank to check on them. Sellers are to produce and make shipment when receiving the L/C issued by bank, for seller is certain that bank have to abide by his promise – banks live on credit, otherwise there would be run on banks. In L/C transaction, banks must keep both eyes open to avoid the involvement in the disputes between buyer and seller. Banks offer the service with pensation. L/C belongs to offbalance sheet business. 當(dāng)進出口商首次接觸、相互不了解時，雙方無法根據(jù)對方的商業(yè) 信用成交 – 買方擔(dān)心賣方不按照合同要求交貨，例如不按時交貨 、貨物質(zhì)量不符合合同要求等等；賣方擔(dān)心買方不按時付款或不 付款。此時，雙方可借助銀行信用成交。銀行還向買方保證按照買方要求開立銀行信用證，并認(rèn) 真審核賣方提交的單據(jù)，如果單據(jù)不符合信用證要求，銀行會拒 絕付款，否則銀行負(fù)責(zé)賠償買方。總 之，買方將自己的所有擔(dān)心全部寫入銀行信用證中，并要求銀行 為其把關(guān)。在銀行信用證業(yè)務(wù)中，銀行必須謹(jǐn)慎小心 ，避免卷入買賣雙方的糾紛。信用證業(yè)務(wù)屬 于表外業(yè)務(wù)。 3我向您承諾立即付款，條件是您 提交的單據(jù)必須符合信用證條款。 需要銀行做 付款擔(dān)保人 銀行信用高于商業(yè)信用 UCP600 Credit means any arrangement, however named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honor a plying presentation. 信用證意指一項約定，無論其如何命名或描述，該約定不可撤銷并因此構(gòu)成開證行對于相符提示予以兌付的確定承諾。 要求向出口 商擔(dān)保付款 銀行 擔(dān)保憑信用證規(guī) 定的單據(jù)付款。 Contents of a L/C ? Items on the credit itself ? Basic parties ? Items on draft ? Settlement conditions ? Items on goods,shipping documents , transport and insurance ? L/C amount and currency ? Additional conditions ? Reimbursement of the paying, accepting and negotiating bank ? The notation of the credit subject to UCP600 ? Primary Liability of the issuing bank to make payment ? Independent of the sales contract ? Exclusively dealing with documents ? High level of protection and security to both buyers and sellers ? Abide by UCP600 Characteristics of a L/C ? 開證申請人（ Applicant/buyer） ? Liable for payment to the issuing bank provided no discrepancy between documents and the credit。 ? any requirement of the applicant should be satisfied by certain documents and clearly indicated when making credit application ? 開證行（ Issuing bank/the buyer’s bank） By issuing a credit the issuing bank undertakes full responsibility for payment Parties to a L/C 受益人（ Beneficiary/seller） The right to examine a credit upon receipt of it according to the sales contract。 ?Responsible for a credit independently and pay without recourse 議付行（ Negotiating bank） ?In a negotiation credit, purchases the drafts and documents。 ?Obtain the reimbursement from the issuing bank 付款行（ Paying/accepting bank） ?Designated by issuing bank to effect payment or acceptance, in most cases to be the advising bank。 ?Entitled to obtain reimbursement from the issuing bank 償付行（ Reimbursing bank） A bank named in credit from which the paying bank, accepting bank or negotiating bank may request cover after paying or negotiating the documents. the reimbursing bank shall not examine the documents The flow chart of L/C) 1 Contract Term of payment: L/C 2Apply Importer Applicant Issuing Bank 3 Letter of credit Advising Bank 4Advise Exporter Beneficiary 2Buyer applies L/C according to Contract 2,3 Buyer’s account bank undertakes to exporter that it would pay independent of whether applicant is bankrupt or not, provided documents presented by exporter ply with terms and conditions of LC. 3 Independent bank’s credit backing amp。 political risks. Financing to both seller and buyer. Expand sources of supply 信用證業(yè)務(wù)流程圖 (1) 1合同 , 付款條件 : 信用證 2申請 進口商 申請人 開證行 3信用證 通知行 4通知 出口商 受益人 1,2買方按照合同申請開立信用證 2,3買方的開戶行向出口商承諾；只要出 口商提交的單據(jù)符合信用證條款，銀行 一定付款，不管申請人是否破產(chǎn)或是否 無能力付款。減 少 / 消除了商業(yè)風(fēng)險?？梢詾? 買賣雙方提供融資，擴大了（買方的）供貨來源。 8指定銀行 = 出口商的銀行 , 它根據(jù)代 理行協(xié)議為開證行通知和檢查單據(jù)。 開證行嚴(yán)格按照申請書開立信用證（否則會得不到申請人的補償）。 3雖然信用證是根據(jù)“商 業(yè)合同”和“申請書”開 立的，但是信用證一 旦開立出來，就獨立 于這些合同。 3個合同 信用證交易指 的是這個合同 Legal protection （ 1） “Uniform Customs and Practices of Documentary Credit, UCP”, ICC(International Chamber of Commerce , ICC) publication No. 600 governs letter of credit transaction. If terms and conditions in LC contradicts to UCP, they take priority over UCP, for it is not a law. The other parts of LC not contrary to UCP are still subject to UCP. In LC transaction, all contracts including application, LC advice, documentary credit, amendment application and advice, confirmation, payment, acceptance, etc. are indicated that “ It is subject to UCP600…….”. 信用證的法律保護 （ 1） “跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例”（ UCP） ,國際商會出版物 第 600號管轄信用證交易。未抵觸的部分仍然受 UCP600的 管轄。 Legal protection （ 2） ICC is not a legislative institution. It is a nongovernmental anization, whose rules are accepted by banks through collective notification to the ICC, and by respective National Commit