【正文】 atior系統(tǒng)，商用車輛運營和先進的車輛控制系統(tǒng)。有沒有別的選擇，但尋找替代目前的運輸系統(tǒng)，或修改相關模式的技術和業(yè)務特點，使能源消耗及成本失敗會減少和環(huán)境的影響可以保持在最低限度。能源供應約束、 較高的資本和經營成本，往往與過度外匯組件和運輸有關環(huán)境污染帳戶在很大程度上對這一問題的嚴重性。The transport sector39。特別是石油需求和石油供應的非均衡性，引起嚴重的通脹問題在許多國家中出現(xiàn)。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有交通工具都依賴石油衍生品的正常運作。這種損害的這些影響還很充分探討。Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of modity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.逐漸引起各種交通工具的污染成了另一個嚴重的問題，作為世界交通在大多數(shù)國家和應付日益增加的商品流動和人旅行的需要。這造成了股權問題，因為業(yè)務費用所需的費用不是負擔得起的所有人口群體，從而限制了他們的流動性和福利。運輸技術的一些暗示能耗高，所需大量資金投入生產和經營。Although transport39。而是有限的應用程序如管道、 電纜和帶的交通工具的發(fā)展導致特殊行業(yè)的需要。 s transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.今天的表現(xiàn)是逐漸演化的日益復雜的交通工具 39。作為隨后濃度的人才及專業(yè)知識的結果，更多先進的傳輸技術如飛機和，最近，火箭推進發(fā)展。最終，自航引入，蒸汽機船、 鐵路和汽車的例子。The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, selfpropulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.需要更好的戰(zhàn)略機動致努力提高海洋和陸地運輸。在這樣的地方和國際沖突的時期人類智慧制定新運輸技術往往證明的生存空間，有時勝利的決定性因素。尋找合適的技術是相對無約束。Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency．For centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transport．The search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrained．There were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national selfdefense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory. Subsequently refined and developed, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.顯然符合運輸?shù)氖滓獪蕜t是效率。這種變化是幾個因素及環(huán)境所致。再次，運輸提供所需的這種部落之間、 國際和洲際最后的文化交流和貿易的流動。部落群體形成和逐步確立其地理特征，運輸日益需要開放地區(qū)的發(fā)展，以提供對天然資源，促進族裔間的貿易，并調動本土防衛(wèi)的訪問。但隨著部落，然后人民，和最后國家形成，運輸?shù)纳鐣徒洕δ茏兊迷絹碓綇碗s。Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化 The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more plex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intermunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演變緊密相連的人類在整個地球的歷史發(fā)展。運輸署早期功能是滿足基本需要搬運糧食供應和建材等領域。在第一次有流動性所需的個人、 宗族、 家庭和動物保護他們免遭，和逃避危險自然災害和部落的侵略行為，并在尋找最好的地方定居。當?shù)谝淮蔚穆?lián)合國應運而生時，運輸發(fā)揮了重要的作用，建立民族氣節(jié)After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local munities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regions．Again，transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade．During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes．Such changes were induced by several factors and circumstances．In fact，today’s transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and preferences．基本社會需求大體上已照顧到后，當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)可能會越來越多地致力于加強貿易聯(lián)系通過與其他民族和地區(qū)經濟、 文化和科技發(fā)展共同。在所有有組織的人類社會，今天代表國際大家庭，交通工具的移動人員和貨物，物理過程，從而促進這種發(fā)展，通過向此逐步發(fā)展的過程中不斷發(fā)生了技術和組織的變化。事實上，今天的各種形式和組織安排運輸仍高度受回應社會需求和偏好的變化。幾百年來，特別是在本地經濟的起飛階段期間，社會需要快速、 可靠、 和低成本的運輸。倍時，在人類歷史上尤為突出的可靠、 快速的運輸需求，并快速解決方案所需的國家自衛(wèi)。隨后改進和發(fā)展，這種新技術使能夠更好地滿足日益增加的交通需求，從而提高經濟進步和人類福祉。這導致更大、 更快的船舶和更可靠和堅固的陸地車輛。在運輸領域研發(fā)終于成為組織的承諾與特定的目標。The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today39。 s 運輸系統(tǒng)，其中包括空中、 地面、 和海上運輸。當前社會的需要和喜好，以及成本效益的經濟上的要求，在現(xiàn)有的各種運輸模式普遍達到而是特定的功能。s potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not afford