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【正文】 59Chapter 4 Extrusion Tooling 59 Requirements of Tooling and Tooling Material 59 Requirements of the Extrusion Tooling 59 Requirements of the Tooling Materials 59 Design of Tool Sets for Direct and Indirect Extrusion 59 Design of the Tool Set for Direct Extrusion 59 Design of the Tool Set for Indirect Extrusion 59 Sealing of the ShapeProducing Tooling with the Container 59Chapter5 Extrusion of Semifinished Products in Aluminum Alloys 59 General 59 Extrusion Behavior of Aluminum Alloys 59 Flow Stress 59 Flow Process 59 Thermal Balance and Extrusion Speed 59 Section Surface and Surface Defects 59 Procedures to Control the Thermal Balance 59 Joining by Extrusion 59Chapter 6 Billet Heating Systems 59 Induction Furnaces 59 General 59 GasFired Billet Preheat Furnace 59 Temperature Measurement and Control 59 Economics 59 Extrusion Billet Transport Mechanisms 59 AgeHardening Ovens for Aluminum Alloys 59 Heat Transfer by Convection 59 Design of the Chamber Furnace 59 Heating 59 Transport Mechanisms 59Chapter7 Aluminum Extrusion Glossary 59Chapter1 Process of Extrusion of Aluminum Process OverviewThe aluminum extrusion process really begins with the design process, for it is the design of the productbased on its intended usethat determines any of the ultimate production parameters. Questions regarding machinability, finishing, and environment of use will lead to the choice of alloy to be extruded. The function of the profile will determine the design of its form and, hence, the design of the die that shapes it.Once the design questions have been answered, the actual extrusion process begins with billet, the aluminum material from which profiles are extruded. The billet must be softened by heat prior to extrusion. The heated billet is placed into the extrusion press, a powerful hydraulic device wherein a ram pushes a dummy block that forces the softened metal through a precision opening, known as a die, to produce the desired shape.Fig. This is a simple diagram of a typical horizontal hydraulic extrusion press。 the direction of extrusion here is from left to right.That is a simplified description of the process known as direct extrusion, which is the most mon method in use today. Indirect extrusion is a similar process, but with some important differences. In the direct extrusion process, the die is stationary and the ram forces the alloy through the opening in the die. In the indirect process, the die is contained within the hollow ram, which moves into the stationary billet from one end, forcing the metal to flow into the ram, acquiring the shape of the die as it does so.The extrusion process has been likened to squeezing toothpaste out of a tube. When pressure is applied at the closed end, the paste is forced to flow through the open end, accepting the round shape of the opening as it emer
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