【正文】 pecially relevant for written work drawing on other sourcesn . essays。 paragraph deconstruction Headings:n As well as the main sections outlined above, scientific papers will also be anised by headings, subheadings and paragraphsn Headings and subheadings follow the general direction of the ‘a(chǎn)rgument’n They follow a sequence of hypothesis – test results discussionn Use these headings strategicallyn For example, use them as a parallel process to construct your notesn Under each heading put down a few summary points to summarise that section of the text17Effective reading for scienceParagraph deconstructionn Look at each paragraph strategicallyn Within academic writing, paragraphs tend to have n a. A topic sentence (the central idea of the paragraph) n b. Explanation amp。 key discussion of specific papers that ‘shape’ the researchLierature review Overview of literature and research12Effective reading for scienceSection ContextMaterials and methods Mainly practical rather than evaluativeResults Clearly, what was established…Discussion A rich evaluation and conclusion, often thematically anised. Will focus on alternative hypotheses amp。 keywordsn Anticipation means you read with more focusn This is the first step to active reading6Effective readingn Stage 2n 1st reading: Skim the text for general meaningn Only take very brief notes at this stage, if anyn Use a pencil to mark difficult passagesn 2nd reading: Scan the text for the keywords/particular topics you noted at Stage 1 + your marked passagesn 3rd reading: Read for detailn Now go back over the text carefullyn Read each paragraph/section in detailn Take selective notes, capturing some detailn Because you have carried out a skim and a scan read already, the read for detail stage is more effective7Effective reading for sciencen Some students may find the skimscanread for detail process difficult to implement with scientific writingn Material with a high incidence of formula, data, scientific expressions and specialised vocabulary may be difficult to read quicklyn There are further anticipatory processes that can be tried in advance of, or as an alternative to, skimscanread for detail8Effective reading for sciencen in contextn Scientific papers tend to follow a standardised structuren There may be some variation within this for some sectionsn . the extent and position of acknowledgements within the papern But the core sections are usually as follows9Effective reading for sciencen The main structure of scientific papers:n Abstractn Introductionn Literature Reviewn Materials and Methodsn Resultsn Discussion10Effective reading for sciencen In your reading, you can work with the kind of information you will find in each sectionn Anticipating the type of ‘discussion’ in each section allows you to read for context, and read more effectivelyn In short, you ‘know’ what you are looking for11Effective reading for scienceSection ContextAbstract Global view of textconcise summaryIntroduction Key aims of research。Reading techniques and critical reading + referencing and plagiarism The Department of Biosciences Stage 3 Project InductionShaun TheobaldThe Student Learning Advisory Service1Keywords for this lecturen Academic integrityn Academic dishonestyn Referencingn Intext citationsn Reference listn Numeric referencing systemsn Vancouver2Keywords for this lecturen Plagiarismn Common knowledgen Collusionn Collaborationn Duplicationn Paraphrasingn Summarising3Aims of this lecturen To explore the process of reading effectivelyn To explore the process of reading criticallyn To examine the concept of academic integrityn To relate this to final year projectsn To describe and examine plagiarism4Aims of this lecturen To demonstrate the ways in which you can avoid plagiarismn Putting academic integrity into practicen Understanding referencingn Numeric referencing。 Vancouver 5Effective readingn Generic principlesn Select a suitable amount of textn . short journal articlen Stage 1