【正文】 River, 90 km (56 mi) south of Baghdād, Iraq. Babylon was the capital of Babylonia in the 2nd and 1st millennia bc. In antiquity the city profited from its location extending across the main overland trade route connecting the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean.Babyloniapoem in 24 books attributed to the poet Homer. It was probably posed in the 8th century bc. The Odyssey relates in 12,110 lines the perilous adventures of Odysseus (called Ulysses in Latin), a Greek hero and king of Ithaca in western Greece. After the fall of Troy at the end of the Trojan War, Odysseus is forced to wander for ten years before returning home to his wife Penelope in Ithaca. Marcus Aurelius馬爾庫斯 奧里略Marcus Aurelius, full name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus (121180), Roman emperor (161180) and Stoic philosopher.Osiris奧西里斯Osiris, in Egyptian mythology, one of the principal deities. Originally the local god of Abydos and Busiris, Osiris, who represented the male productive force in nature, became identified with the setting sun. Thus he was regarded as the ruler of the realm of the dead in the mysterious region below the western horizon.BBagaudae巴高達Babylon巴比倫Babylon (ancient city)Greeklos (Pylos).Mark Antony安東尼Mark Antony (Latin Marcus Antonius) (83?30 bc), Roman statesman and general, who defeated the assassins of Julius Caesar and, with Gaius Octavius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate, which ultimately secured the end of the Roman Republic.Odyssey奧德賽Odyssey,s) and Phaestos。ti), the Cyclades (Kikl225。third(?232 his last ten years were spent in coregency with his son Senwosret I (reigned 19711926 bc). Amenemhet limited the power of the nobles, reorganized the government (moving the capital to Faiyum), and restored prosperity to the country.Amenemhet III, king of Egypt (18441797 bc), of the 12th Dynasty. He removed the last threat of the provincial nobles to the central government and during his long reign focused his efforts on economic expansion. He constructed vast irrigation and reclamation projects, notably one at Lake Moeris in the Faiyum district, and greatly increased mineral production. His trading fleets plied the Red Sea and traversed the Mediterranean as far as Cyprus and Crete (Kr237。 the city served as the Egyptian capital until Akhenaton39。inmountainAAppian阿庇安Appian was a 2ndcenturyad Greek historian born in the great literary center of Alexandria, Egypt. Appian documented the history of the Roman Empire. The books that were piled as The Civil Wars are an important and detailed record of Rome during the turbulent period from 133 to 27 BC.Apollo阿波羅Apollo (mythology), in Greek mythology, son of the god Zeus and Leto, daughter of a Titan. Alps阿爾卑斯山Alps,greatsystem of south central Europe, forming an arc some 1200 km (750 mi) long from the Gulf of Genoa to the Danube River at Vienna. Aphrodite阿芙洛狄忒Aphrodite, in Greek mythology, the goddess of love and beauty and the counterpart of the Roman goddess Venus. Archimedes阿基米德Archimedes (287212 bc), preeminent Greek mathematician and inventor, who wrote important works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics.Akkad阿卡德Akkadian Civilization, society developed by inhabitants of Akkad, an ancient region of MesopotamiaAchilles阿喀琉斯Achilles,Greek mythology, greatest of the Greek warriors in the Trojan War. He was the son of the sea nymph Thetis and Peleus, king of the Myrmidons of Thessaly. Alaric阿拉里克Alaric I (about 370410), king of the Visigoths (395410), born on an island in the delta of the Danube River.Alaric II (died 507), king of the Visigoths (484507), succeeding his father, Euric. He ruled the central and southern regions of Gaul (modernday France) and most of Spain.Aristophanes阿里斯托芬Aristophanes (448?385 bc), Athenian playwright, considered one of the greatest writers of edy in literary history. His plays have been produced through the centuries and have remained popular because of their wit, ic invention, and poetic language.Tall al ‘Amārinah阿瑪爾納Tall al ‘Amārinah, site of the ancient Egyptian city Akhetaton, on the Nile River, north of the modern city of Asyū?. Akhetaton was built during the reign of Amenhotep IV, better known as Akhenaton, sometime between 1353 and 1335 BC。s death. The period during which Akhetaton was important is known in Egyptian history as the Amarna period.Amenemhet阿梅尼姆赫特Amenemhet I, king of Egypt (19911962 bc), the first of the 12th Dynasty。ti).Amon or Ammon阿蒙神Amon or Ammon (Egyptian, “hidden”), ancient Egyptian deity, originally a local Theban god of reproductive forces, represented as a ram. Amon, his wife, Mut (Egyptian, “the mother”), and his son, the moon god Khon (Egyptian, “to traverse the sky”), formed the divine triad of Thebes.Amorites阿摩利人Amorites, ancient tribe of Canaanites who inhabited the country northeast of the Jordan River as far as Mount Hermon. In the 13th century bc, the Amorites defeated the Moabites, crossed the Jordan, conquered the Hittites, and overran Canaan to the sea. Attila阿提拉Attila, called the Scourge of God (circa 40653), king of the Huns (circa 43353). He is called Etzel by the Germans and Ethele by the Hungarians.Aton（Aten）阿吞神Aton, Egyptian god of the sun, regarded during the reign of Akhenaton (13531335 bc) as the only god. The god was sometimes known as Aten.Ashoka or Asoka阿育王Ashoka or Asokabc),king of the Maurya dynasty, who ruled almost the whole of the Indian subcontinent from about 269 to 232 bc (see Mauryan Empire).Ebla埃博拉文明Ebla, ancient city of northern Syria, discovered in 1968 by the Italian archaeologist Paolo Matthiae at Tell Mardīkh, a 56hectare (140acre) mound south of ?alab (Aleppo).Akhenaton or Ikhnaton埃赫那吞Akhenaton or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, pharaoh of Egypt from about 1353 to 1335 bc. Akhenaton was the last important ruler of the 18th dynasty and notabl