【正文】 petition of a series of steps in the weaving of special fabrics. This resulted in a fear amongst Jacquard’s employees that their traditional employment and livelihood were being threatened. They mitted acts of sabotage(陰謀怠工 ) to discourage Jacquard from further use of the new technology. This is the first recorded cyber crime! 大學(xué)英語閱讀與理解 108 Today puters have e a long way, with neural work and mass puting promising to turn every atom in a glass of water into a puter capable of performing a billion operations per second. Cyber crime is an evil having its origin in the growing dependence on puters in modern life. In a day and age when everything from microwave ovens and refrigerators to nuclear power plants is being run on puters, cyber crime has assumed rather sinister implications. Major cyber crimes in the recent past include the Citibank rip off. US$10 million was fraudulently transferred out of the bank and into a bank account in Switzerland. A Russian hacker group led by Vladimir Kevin, a renowned hacker, perpetrated the attack. The group promised the bank’s security systems. Vladimir was allegedly using his office puter at AO Satrun, a puter firm in St. Petersburg, Russia, to break into Citibank puters. He was finally arrested on Heathrow airport on his way to Switzerland Defining cyber crime At first, let us satisfactorily define ―cyber crime‖ and differentiate it from ―conventional crime.‖ Computer crimes can involve criminal activities that are traditional in nature, such as theft, fraud, fery, defamation and mischief, all of which are subject to the Indian Penal Code. The abuse of puters has also given birth to a gamut of new age crimes that are addressed by the Information Technology Act, 2022. Defining cyber crimes as ―acts that are punishable by the Information Technology Act‖, would be unsuitable, as the Indian Penal Code also covers many cyber crimes, such as spoofing and cyber defamation, sending threatening s, etc. a simple yet sturdy definition of cyber crime would be ―unlawful acts wherein the puter is either a tool or a target or both.‖ Let us examine the acts wherein the puter is a tool for an unlawful act. This kind of activity usually involves a modification of a conventional crime by using puters. Some examples are: Financial crimes This would include cheating, credit card frauds, money laundering, etc. To cite a recent case, a website offered to sell Alphonso mangoes at a throwaway price. Distrusting such a transaction, very few people responded to or supplied the website with their credit card numbers. These people were actually sent the Alphonso mangoes. The word about this website now spread like wildfire. Thousands of people from all over the country responded and ordered mangoes（芒果） by providing their credit card numbers. The owners of what was later proven to be a bogus website then fled taking the numerous credit card numbers and proceeded to spend huge amounts of money much to the chagrin of the card owners. Cyber pornography This would include pornography（色情） websites, pornography magazines produced using puters (to publish and print the material) and the Inter (to download and transmit pornographic pictures, photos, writings, etc.) 新四級(jí)英語閱讀理解自測(cè)試卷 109 In Mumbai, a Swiss couple would gather slum children and then would force them to appear for obscene photographs to websites specially designed for paedophilia. The Mumbai police arrested the couple for pornography. Sale of illegal articles This would include sale of narcotics, weapons and wildlife, etc., by posting information on websites, auction websites, and bulletin boards of simply by using munication. Online gambling There are millions of websites, all hosted on servers abroad, that offer online gambling. In fact, it is believed that many of these websites are actually fronts for money laundering. Intellectual property crimes These include software piracy, copyright infringement, trademarks violations, theft of puter source code, etc. Email spoofing A spoofed is one that appears to originate from one source but actually has been sent from another source. . Lydia has an address . Her enemy, Sam spoofs her and sends her obscene messages to all her acquaintances. Since the s appear to have originated from Lydia, her friends could take offence and relationship could be spoiled for life. Email spoofing could also cause moary damage. In an American case, a teenager made millions of dollars by spreading false information about certain panies. This misinformation was spread by sending spoofed s, purportedly from news agencies like Reuters, to share brokers and investors who were informed that the panies were doing very badly. Even after the truth came out the values of the shares did not go back to the earlier levels and thousands of investors lost a lot of money. Fery Counterfeit currency notes, postage and revenue stamps, mark sheets, etc. can be fed using sophisticated puters, printers and scanners. Outside many colleges across India, one finds touts soliciting the sale of fake mark sheets or even certificates. These are made using puters, and high quality scanners and printers. In fact, this has bee a booming business involving thousands of Rupees being given to students gangs in exchange for these bogus but authentic looking certificates. Cyber defamation This occurs when defamation takes place with the help of puters or the Inter. . someone publishes defamatory matter about someone on a website or sends s containing defamatory information to all of that person’s friends. A famous cyber defamation occurred in America. All friends and relatives of a lady were beset with obscene messages appearing to originate from her account. These mails were giving the lady in question a bad name among her friends