【正文】 in the Erasmus program D． They give them chances for international study or internship 5． An example illustrating the general trend of universities39。s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get onthejob training from a worldclass scientist and his . team. As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the mercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe puter and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Inter infrastructure （基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施） and applications software of the 1990s. the link between universitybased science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed panies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology panies have set up shop around the university. For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2022, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is wele, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of longterm GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year. American politicians have great difficult recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreignlanguage study is well below the levels of 40 years ago, in the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to . universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the . Objections from American university and the business leaders led to improvements in the process and reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unweling to international students. Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation39。s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300squaremeter laboratory seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries。2022 年 12 月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試真題 Part I Writing （ 30 minutes） Part II Reading Comprehension （ Skimming and Scanning） （ 15 minutes） Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 17, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A） , B） , C） and D） . For questions 810, plete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Universities Branch Out As never before in their long history, universities have bee instruments of national petition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain petitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability. In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have bee more selfconsciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering course of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative （合作的） research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity. Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to million in 2022. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America39。s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the . In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreignborn, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad. Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United Stat