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要素需求:要素的邊際產出價值等于 要素的實際價格 要素實際價格:用產出數量而不是貨幣數量表示的要素價格 12 slide 13 對勞動力的需求 ? 假定市場是完全競爭的:即企業(yè)將 W, R,和 P看作給定的 ? 利潤 Π=PF(k,L) — WL— RK ? 易得 MPL=W/P MPR=R/P marginal cost = real wage(capital rent rate)=Marginal benefit= marginal product of labor(capital) 在實際工資給定時,為實現(xiàn)利潤最大化,企業(yè)對勞動力的需求量一定滿足 MPL=W/P, 對資本的需求量一定滿足: MPK=R/P slide 14 MPL 和勞動的需求曲線 Each firm hires labor up to the point where MPL = W/P Units of output Units of labor, L MPL, Labor demand Real wage Quantity of labor demanded 二、均衡條件的數學表示 wMPPrMPPLK????PwMPPrMPLK//??? 均衡條件的理論基礎:利潤最大化 15 三、要素價格均衡圖解 要素價格 要素數量 要素供給 要素需求 均衡價格 16 slide 17 均衡實際工資 The real wage adjusts to equate labor demand with supply. Units of output Units of labor, L MPL, Labor demand equilibrium real wage Labor supply L四、要素分配所得 ? 要素分配所得等于參與生產過程的要素 數量 乘以它的 實際價格 ? 實際價格 =邊際產出 ? 所以: 工資所得 = 資本所得 = KMPLMPKL??18 五、國民收入的劃分 P r o f i t ) E c o n o m i c(????? KMPLMPY KL在完全競爭假設下,經濟利潤等于 0,于是 KMPLMPY KL ????結論:總產品恰好被參與生產它的要素 分配完畢! 19 slide 20 國民收入如何分配 : 勞動總收入 = 如果生產函數是規(guī)模報酬不變的,則有: 資本總收入 = W LPM PL L??RKPMP K K??Y M P L L M P K K? ? ? ?labor ine capital ine national ine CASE STUDY The Black Death and Factor Prices ? As we have just learned, in the neoclassical theory of distribution, factor prices equal the marginal products of the factors of production. Because the marginal products depend on the quantities of the factors, a change in the quantity of any one factor alters the marginal products of all the factors. Therefore, a change in the supply of a factor alters equilibrium factor prices. ? Fourteenthcentury Europe provides a vivid example of how factor quantities affect factor prices. The outbreak of the bubonic plague— the Black Death— in 1348 reduced the population of Europe by about onethird within a few years. Because the marginal product of labor increases as the amount of labor falls, this massive reduction in the labor force raised the marginal product of labor. Real wages did increase substantially during the plague years— doubling, by some estimates. The peasants who were fortunate enough to survive the plague enjoyed economic prosperity. 21 Continuous ? The reduction in the labor force caused by the plague also affected the return to land, the other major factor of production in medieval Europe. With fewer workers available to farm the land, an additional unit of land produced less additional output. This fall in the marginal product of land led to a decline in real rents of 50 percent or more. Thus, while the peasant classes prospered, the landed classes suffered reduced ines. 22 第三節(jié) 產品 和服務的需求如何確定: C、 I、 G的行為方程 ? 需求分為 C、 I、 G、 NX四部分 ? 暫不考慮 NX ? 于是總支出就成為: C+I+G 23 關于國民收入決定 ? 國民收入核算有三種方法: 產出法:反映生產 收入法:反映生產 支出法:反映需求 ? 用 Y來表示國民總產出或總收入可以得到: Y=總產出 =總支出 =總收入 24 ? Y=總產出 =總收入 =總支出 =C(消費) +I(投資) +G(政府購買) +NX(凈出口) ? 概括凱恩斯理論的基本假設: 總收入或總產出由總需求(支出)決定; 總支出中四個部分的任一部分變化,都會引起總收入的變化。 ? 均衡收入恒等式: Y=總產出 =總收入 =總支出 =C(消費) +I(投資) +G(政府購買) +NX(凈出口) 26 如何理解總需求決定總產出? ? 企業(yè)生產產品數量等于社會需求,企業(yè)的生產處于供求平衡狀態(tài)。 ? 若企業(yè)生產超過需求,就會出現(xiàn)非計劃存貨,企業(yè)就會削減生產;反之,企業(yè)就會增加生產。對于整個社會而言,總產出也會根據總需求而進行調整,總產出由總需求決定。 —— 亞當 ? 西方經濟學中有關影響消費支出的模型: ? 凱恩斯的絕對收入假定 ? 杜森貝里的相對收入假定 ? 弗里德曼的持久性收入理論