【正文】
(7) yr School age 6( 7) yr~11(12)yr Adolescence 11~12yr— 17~18yr (female) 13 ~15yr19~21yr (male) Stage of children by age Differences among these phases 小兒各年齡段特點 DIFFERENCES AMONG THESE PHASES Disparity in occurrence and progression of disease between children and adult Progression Deterioration Recovery FETAL CIRCULATION ? Parallel circulation (bined output) ? Ductus Venosus shunts blood from the UV to the IVC bypassing the liver ? Foramen Ovale shunts blood from the RA to the LA ? Ductus Arteriosus shunts blood from the PA to the descending aorta bypassing the lungs ? Blood from the LV perfuses the heart amp。 brain with well oxygenated blood 50% 2/3 TRANSITIONAL CIRCULATION Dramatic changes in circulation at the moment of birth and onwards : ? Air breadth lung expansion Rp ↓ ? Qp ↑ LA pressure ↑ PFO ↓ ? P O2 ↑ ductus arteriosus and venosus ↓ ? Obliteration of placental circulation Rs ↑ ? IVC pressure ↓ PFO ↓ Disparity in anatomy, physiology 生后 1小時 2歲 Disparity in anatomy, physiology Cardiothoracic ratio Disparity in anatomy, physiology Heart rate Disparity in anatomy, physiology Nervous system Kernig sign, Babinski sign Signs of meningeal irritation Neonatal Kernig sign, Babinski sign(+) 34M Kernig sign (+) 2yr Babinski sign (+) Disparity in anatomy, physiology Neonatal Rooting reflex, Moro reflex Infancy Abdominal reflex (- ) possible