【正文】 lizing solar energy, PV power generation has a broad prospect. Now many PV power generation systems use fixedmounted solar panels. These systems have the disadvantages of low efficiency of electricity generation, high costs and difficult to promote. By using solar automatic tracking, PV power generation systems can effectively improve the utilization of solar energy. So the study of this paper has an important significance to improve the efficiency of PV power generation and promote its application. Firstly, an allweather automatic solar tracking method bining the photoelectric detection and the solar trajectory tracking modes was proposed. Different tracking models taken in sunny, cloudy and rainy days were analyzed and identified. Specific design ideas and methods of photoelectric tracking was proposed. The sun trajectory calculation method was analyzed and determined to verify the feasibility. Then a PV power generation system based on above solar tracking methods was designed. The system is a smallscale PV power generation system, which can track the sun allweather and charging the battery as much as much as possible. The system’s hardware and software were designed. The hardware design included solar orientation and light intensity detection, puter control, data acquisition, external clock, PV power and so on. The software design realized the function of every hardware modules, data processing of photoelectric detection and drive control of tracking device. The PV generation system can automatic track the sun, make solar light roughly exposure to the solar panels perpendicularly, achieve a continuous and stable power output. Keywords: solar energy, PV power generation, photoelectric tracking, solar trajectory tracking, battery charging 1 引言 課題研究的背景 和意義 隨著常規(guī)能源的不斷消耗，人類賴以生存的不可再生能源即將面臨枯竭。硬件設(shè)計(jì)包括太陽方位檢測、光強(qiáng)檢測、單片機(jī)控制、數(shù)據(jù)采集、外部時鐘、光伏電源等模塊；而軟件部分設(shè)計(jì)了太陽自動跟蹤系統(tǒng)的軟件體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)了各個硬件模塊的功能、光電檢測數(shù)據(jù)的處 理以及跟蹤機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動控制。整個系統(tǒng)分為太陽自動跟蹤系統(tǒng)和光伏電源系統(tǒng)兩個子系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)提出的跟蹤方法，設(shè)計(jì)了一套自動跟蹤式獨(dú)立太陽能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。 本文首先提出了一種將光電跟蹤方式和太陽運(yùn)動軌跡跟蹤方式相結(jié)合的全天候太陽自動跟蹤方法。在光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中使用太陽自動跟蹤，能有效地提高太陽能的利用率。太陽能光伏發(fā)電作為太陽能利用的重要方式，發(fā)展前景非常廣闊。 目錄 中文摘要 .............................................................. 3 英文摘要 .............................................................. 4 1 引言 ................................................................ 5 課題研究的背景和意義 ............................................. 5 課題研究的現(xiàn)狀 ................................................... 5 課題研究的主要內(nèi)容 ............................................... 6 2 系統(tǒng)的總體設(shè)計(jì)方案 .................................................. 7 跟蹤方法 ......................................................... 8 太陽軌跡跟蹤方法的設(shè)計(jì) ....................................... 8 光電跟蹤方法的設(shè)計(jì) .......................................... 10 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) .................................................. 13 充電模塊的設(shè)計(jì) .................................................. 14 充電策略的選擇 .............................................. 14 充電控制器的選擇 ............................................ 17 3 系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì) ..................................................... 18 電源模塊的設(shè)計(jì) .................................................. 19 24V 到 5V的轉(zhuǎn)化 ............................................. 21 24V 到負(fù) 15V 的轉(zhuǎn)化 .......................................... 22 24V 到 15V 的轉(zhuǎn)化 ............................................ 22 24V 到 12V 的轉(zhuǎn)化 ............................................ 23 24V 到 12V 的轉(zhuǎn)化 ............................................ 23 光電檢測模塊的設(shè)計(jì) .............................................. 24 太陽方位檢測模塊 ............................................ 24 太陽光強(qiáng)檢測模塊 ............................................ 26 單片機(jī)控制模塊 .................................................. 28 單片機(jī)的選擇 ................................................ 28 外部時鐘電路 ................................................ 29 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動電路 ............................................ 29 蓄電池充 電模塊 .................................................. 31 DC/DC 變換電路 .............................................. 31 MOSFET 驅(qū)動電路 ............................................. 33 電壓采樣電路 ................................................ 34 電流采樣電路 ................................................ 35 蓄電池溫度檢測電路 .......................................... 35 PWM 方波設(shè)計(jì) ................................................ 36 4 電路仿真 ........................................................... 37 降壓（ BUCK）電路的仿真 .......................................... 37 太陽光強(qiáng)和方位檢測電路的放大電路的仿真 .......................... 37 結(jié)論 ................................................................. 38 致謝 ................................................................. 39 [參考文獻(xiàn) ] ........................................................... 40 附件 1： .............................................................. 44 附件 2： .............................................................. 45 太陽自動追蹤系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 摘要 ： 人類正面臨著石油和煤炭等礦物燃料枯竭的嚴(yán)重威脅，太陽能作為一種新型能源具有儲量無限、普遍存在、利用清潔、使用經(jīng)濟(jì)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是太陽能又存在著低密度、間歇性、空間分布不斷變化的缺點(diǎn)，這就使目前的一系列太陽能設(shè)備對太陽能的利用 率不高。 本文研究了基于太陽自動跟蹤的獨(dú)立光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。目前，光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)多采用固定安裝的形式，這種發(fā)電系統(tǒng)具有發(fā)電效率低、成本高、不宜推廣等缺點(diǎn)。因此，本文的研究對提高光伏發(fā)電效率、促進(jìn)光伏發(fā)電的推廣應(yīng)用具有重要的意義。分析并確定了晴天、多云和陰雨三種天氣條件下，應(yīng)分別采取的跟蹤模