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華東師大心理測(cè)量復(fù)習(xí)資料-展示頁(yè)

2024-09-01 20:57本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 ery greeting, a smile, a blessing, a pat on the back, a helping hand, recognition, fiveness, courtesy, praise.... The world is full of wonderful ways to give. 80 Small country, few people Let them have many weapons but not use them Let the people regard death seriously And not migrate far away Although they have boats and chariots They have no need to take them Although they have armors and weapons They have no need to display them Let the people return to tying knots and using them Savor their food, admire their clothes Content in their homes, happy in their customs Neighboring countries see one another Hear the sounds of roosters and dogs from one another The people, until they grow old and die Do not go back and forth with one another The ideal place is a small country with few people in it. This place is free of conflict and strife. Even though they have hundreds of military instruments, they don39。t borrow funds and then deny it or claim a smaller amount. Also, this was back in the days before the invention of paper, so that made the problem even more difficult. What they came up with was clever. Lender and borrower would get a piece of wood or tree bark, and carve the record of their transaction and agreement on it. Then, this contract would be split apart in the middle. The left part goes to the lender。 they do not take. Those who lack virtue are like the tax collectors. It is as if they hold the collections notice over other people. They take from everyone and give to no one. Given this is the case, how can it be that generous souls prosper while misers seem to be forever pinching pennies? Shouldn39。t get into disputes in the first place because they give to others without expecting anything in return. It is as if they hold the left half of the lending agreement the lender39。 “數(shù)字 ”的特性: I. 區(qū)分性 II. 等級(jí)性 /序列性 III. 等距性 IV. 可加性 絕對(duì)的零點(diǎn)(沒(méi)有此特性)-理想的參照點(diǎn),加減乘除都可以 I. 參照點(diǎn): 1` 人為參照點(diǎn) 只能加減,不能乘除。 :利用一定的法則 [現(xiàn)在,心理學(xué)中的法則還不完善,所以結(jié)果不精確 ]。-中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)著名心理測(cè)量方面的學(xué)者。 1979 后,心理測(cè)量在中國(guó)走進(jìn)輝煌。也叫比率智商 實(shí)齡 后來(lái)量表的特點(diǎn) I. 操作性量表(比納的量表是語(yǔ)言性量表) II. 團(tuán)體測(cè)驗(yàn) (比納的量表是個(gè)別的測(cè)驗(yàn)) III. 教育測(cè)驗(yàn)(學(xué)習(xí)測(cè)驗(yàn), eg桑代克,斯坦福成就測(cè)驗(yàn)) IV. 人格的測(cè)驗(yàn) V. 特殊能力測(cè)驗(yàn)( eg音樂(lè),繪畫(huà)能力 etc) 四. 心理測(cè)驗(yàn)在中國(guó)的發(fā)展 1916 樊炳清 介 紹比納的量表 1920 南京高等師范學(xué)校(現(xiàn)南大),廖世承、陳鶴琴開(kāi)設(shè)心理測(cè)量課。 30 題,從易到難。 三. 科學(xué)心理測(cè)量的誕生與發(fā)展 1905 法國(guó) 比納( Bi) 1895 創(chuàng)辦第一本心理學(xué)雜志《心理學(xué)年報(bào)》 心理測(cè)量的原理:把結(jié)果與他人比較,以求概括。 美國(guó) 卞特爾 心理學(xué)只有立足于實(shí)驗(yàn)與測(cè)量之上,才會(huì)有自然科學(xué)的準(zhǔn)確度。 到現(xiàn)在,用于測(cè)注意力 民間,周歲試兒 到現(xiàn)在,嬰幼兒的動(dòng)作測(cè)量 古代的問(wèn)答法 到現(xiàn)在,臨床談話法,問(wèn)卷法 莊子:九征 到現(xiàn)在,情景法 博弈(棋)、九連環(huán)、七巧板――古代測(cè)智力水平的器具 八陣圖。” 劉劭《人物志》,“觀其感變,以審常度。 I. 心理測(cè)量的發(fā)展史 一. 中國(guó)古代的心理測(cè)量思想與實(shí)踐 1905 法國(guó)――科學(xué)心理測(cè)量 . 孔子――心理測(cè)量的思想 “中人以上,可以語(yǔ)上也;中人以下,不可以語(yǔ)上也。測(cè)量行為,來(lái)推測(cè)心理。――桑代克 凡是有數(shù)量的東西都是可以測(cè)量的。華東師大心理測(cè)量筆記 大概的介紹。 凡是客觀存在的事物都是有數(shù)量的。――麥克爾 心理用間接測(cè)量。 心理測(cè)量的結(jié)果不絕對(duì)?!? 孟子“權(quán),然后知輕重;度,然后知長(zhǎng)短;物皆然,心為甚?!? 翻譯后,名為 《人類(lèi)能力之研究》 韓非 一手畫(huà)圓,一手畫(huà)方。 二. 心理測(cè)量早期探索及嘗試 英國(guó) 高爾頓 最早想通過(guò)測(cè)量人的證明他的“遺 傳論”。
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