【正文】
mount of suspended solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant。 ? storm water: runoff resulting from flooding due to rainfall. For many years the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygendemanding materials, dissolved inorganic pounds, and harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater fall into three stages:primary treatment, including grit removal,screening, grinding, and sedimentation。 ? industrial: wastewater in which industrial waste predominates。s surface and makes up 65% of our bodies. Everyone wants clean water to drink, for recreation, and just to enjoy looking at. If water bees polluted, it loses its value to us economically and aesthetically, and can bee a threat to our health and to the survival of the fish living in it and the wildlife that depend on it. The pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants is one of the most crucial environmental problems. Waterborne chemical pollution entering rivers and streams causes tremendous amounts of destruction. Although some kinds of water pollution can occur through natural processes, it is mostly a result of human activities. We use water daily in our homes and industries. The water we use is taken from lakes and rivers and from underground (groundwater)。 2020 Elsevier . All rights reserved doi。 Advanced water treatment *Corresponding author. Presented at the EuroMed 2020 conference on Desalination Strategies in South Mediterranean Countries: Cooperation between Mediterranean Countries of Europe and the Southern Rim of the Mediterranean. Sponsored by the European Desalination Society and Office National de I39。 Recycle。 Secondary treatment。 accepted 19 February 2020 Abstract Wastewaters are waterborne solids and liquids discharged into sewers that represent the wastes of munity includes dissolved and suspended organic solids, which are putrescible or biologically general categories ofwastewaters, not entirely separable, are recognized: domestic and industrial. Wastewater treatment is a process in which the solids in wastewater are partially removed and partially changed by deposition from highly plex, putrescible, organic solids to mineral or relatively stable organic solids. Primary and secondary treatment removes the majority of BOD and suspended solids found in wastewaters. However, in an increasing number of cases this level of treatment has proved to be insufficient to protect the receiving waters or to provide reusable water for industrial and/or domestic recycling. Thus, additional treatment steps have been added to wastewater treatment plants to provide for further organic and solids removals or to provide for removal of nutrients and/or toxic materials. There have been several new developments in the water treatment field in the last years. Alternatives have presented themselves for classical and conventional water treatment systems. Advanced wastewater treatments have bee an area of global focus as individuals, munities, industries and nations strive for ways to keep essential resources available and suitable for use. Advanced wastewater treatment technology, coupled with wastewater reduction and water recycling initiatives, offer hope of slowing, and perhaps halting, the inevitable loss of usable water. Membrane technologies are well suited to the recycling and reuse ofwastewater. Membranes can selectively separate ponents over a wide range of particle sizes and molecular weights. Membrane technology has bee a dignified separation technology over the past decennia. The main force of membrane technology is the fact that it works without the addition of chemicals, with relatively low energy use and easy and wellarranged process conduction. This paper covers all advanced methods ofwastewater treatments and reuse. Keywords: Wastewater。 [8] 一個 為中性 廢水 設(shè)計的 新系統(tǒng) ,工業(yè)水世界, 2020年 11月。 [4] . Pantell, 加利福尼亞海水淡化 , 1993。 [2] D. Krantz 和 B. Kifferstein, 社會和 水質(zhì)污染。 廢水處理的最 終 目標 是對廢水進行 有效地 、經(jīng)濟地和生態(tài)地 管理 。 廢水處理 過程 要求 細致 的管理 以 保護 受納水體 。高級廢水處理 廠采用了 復(fù)雜的過程和設(shè)備。 深度 廢水處理能用來 達到任何所期望的處理水平 。廢水灌溉是可能的, 并且 是一 種有效的 廢水處理 形式 (如同 采用 慢比率的土地處理 方式 )。 因此, 在 廢水排入環(huán)境 之前進行處理是必不可少的 。 5. 結(jié)論 化學(xué)污染物 對 河 、溪 的污染是最 嚴重 的環(huán)境問題之一。系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計 成 允許更好的對廢水的 pH 值 進行 控制并且使用全部自然和安全的媒介, 這樣做 消除對特別的貯存或者 處理的需要。 4. 一個 為中性 廢水 設(shè)計的 新系統(tǒng) 綠海龜技術(shù)有限公司 (GTT)已經(jīng) 開發(fā)了 一個革新的通過流動的酸 性 廢水處理系統(tǒng) 命名為 PHIX[8]. 在排入水 體 或 是 市政的下水道系統(tǒng)之前 /排放過程中,本系統(tǒng)用于處理酸 性 廢水。 新 的 研究計劃正試圖 減少步驟, 特別 是 洗冰晶的 必要性 。實際上 , 結(jié)冰淡化有 把各種各樣的廢水高度集中的潛力,并且 比任何其他 的蒸餾 過程消耗的能量都少。 由于 樹脂和 再生處理費用增加的結(jié)果 ,只有在 處理包含幾百 PPM 溶解固體的濃度較小的溶液時,離子交換與反滲透和電滲析相比才有競爭力。 離子交換 (IX) 在這個過程里當水通過叫 做 離子交換樹脂 的 粒狀化學(xué) 物時 ,供給水里 不期望 的離子 與 需要的離子 進行 交換,例如,陽離子交換樹脂通常在 家庭 和市政水處理廠使用 以 除去 硬水中的 鈣和鎂離子,工業(yè) 上 生產(chǎn)純水的過程中 也會用到 。在水收集系統(tǒng)內(nèi) 的 交替閥門朝著合適的方向自動 改變 流動 方向 。 通過每隔 1530分鐘改變膜內(nèi)的 電流方向可以防止 膜的 減少 或者 污染 。 電流 的作用使 離子通過膜 ,并且 在交替的膜間集中。 生產(chǎn)的水的質(zhì)量取決于壓力 、供給水中的鹽的 濃度 ,以及 鹽對 恒定膜的滲透 [5]. 滲透只依賴 于 溶質(zhì) 的濃度與它的類型 無關(guān) [6]. 電滲析 (ED) 表格 2 世界范圍內(nèi)不同類型淡化工廠的分布 來源 : 國際淡化協(xié)會 [3]. 用這種技術(shù),咸水在幾百個 扁平的、 平行 的、 可滲透 陽 離子的膜之間的低壓下 。 反滲透 (RO) 在 反滲透中 ,給水被抽 升,在 高壓 下 通過可滲透膜,把鹽 從 水 中 (圖 2)分 離 。 位于 沙特阿拉伯的世界最大的 淡化 工廠生產(chǎn) 128 mgd 的 脫鹽的水。 在過去的 幾十年 內(nèi)在整個世界范圍內(nèi) 淡化技術(shù) 得到了 越來越 多的應(yīng)用,用 微咸的地下水和海水生產(chǎn) 可飲用水,為的是 改進 現(xiàn)有的 淡水供應(yīng)質(zhì)量和工業(yè)目的,對 工業(yè)和市政廢水 排放或重用之前進行預(yù)處理 。離子交換涉及到當水通過化學(xué)樹脂時水中 溶解 的 礦物質(zhì)離子 與 水中 其他, 水中更 需要溶解的離子的 交換 。 蒸餾和結(jié)冰包含以水蒸汽或者冰的形式從鹽水 中 除去純水 。 圖 1,海水中鹽的濃度 淡化技術(shù) 淡化是 從海水、含鹽水、處理后的廢水中 除去礦物質(zhì) (包括但不對鹽 進行 限制 )的一個過程 。 這也是一個壓力驅(qū)動的過程 ,其依據(jù)是 膜的毛孔大小 (和海綿一樣的帶有精確尺寸的毛孔結(jié)構(gòu)的典型的 塑