戶籍相關(guān)外文翻譯---戶籍制度簡(jiǎn)介-其他專業(yè)-展示頁(yè)
2025-01-31 11:39本頁(yè)面
【正文】 rural populace. Meanwhile, a formal urban rationing system was instituted in 1953. Staterationed products covered almost all foodstuffs and other consumer goods from cloth to bicycles. To purchase the stateowned products, people were required to present ration coupons in addition to the required payment. The allocation of food rations and other consumer goods, as well as social services, were directly linked to household registration. Ration coupons were given out only to registered urban residents. Stateowned work units (danwei) were in charge of distributing ration coupons. In addition, a danwei also provided housing, children’s education, health care, transportation, movie theaters, and even restaurants to its employees. Few from the countryside were able to earn a living in urban centers without an official job assignment. Thanks to rationing and the danwei system, urban residents, on average, enjoyed a far better standard of living than rural residents. Could peasants live in cities without urban registration before the economic reform? Although travel was occasionally restricted, it was not the main obstacle prohibiting spontaneous migration. The main obstacle was the requirement of urban registration for employment and the supply of basic necessities. Without a local hukou, a migrant could not qualify for a job assignment from the government. State employment was the only means of gaining employment before the reforms, because private employment did not exist. Without a work unit, it was impossible to obtain housing. Even if employment and housing were available, it was difficult to obtain such necessities as grain, meat, and vegetables because these were rationed to urban residents. Even restaurants demanded ration coupons from their In addition, policing anizations, such as the local security bureau and neighborhood mittees, often conducted unannounced house visits on families suspected of housing illegal inmigrants. Hukou, rationing, and danwei formed an effective web in prohibiting unauthorized ruralurban migration in the Maoist era. Changes and Developments in the Hukou System Since the Reform For more than twenty years, the hukou system effectively contained the rural population to where they were born, raised, and assigned. By the time of Mao’s death in 1976, the nation’s traumatic experience in the Cultural Revolution had damaged popular trust in the petence and political virtue of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Serious economic and political crises were evident. According to the CCP, the only way to survive the crises was to take strong action on the economic A change came about in 1979 when the government began limited reforms in the agricultural sector. Each family in the sector was assigned a plot of collective land and signed contracts with the production team, in which they promised to provide a quantity of crops or services while retaining or selling the remainder on their own. The opening of rural free markets supported the reanization of agricultural production. The reform at the time was merely intended to stimulate farmers’ production incentives. However, the opening of the produce free market created much resentment among urban dwellers toward the rationing system. Under the rationing system, delay in the delivery of goods was monplace and supplies were often of low quality
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