【正文】 variety of energy endeavours in South Africa. Despite this activity, we argue in this paper, that few efforts to understand the implication of such endeavours, including estimations of the costs (both financial and social), particularly at the local level, have been undertaken arguably ?where the rubber hits the road? (Winkler 2021). In an attempt to address some of these concerns, we use the concept of the ?energy ladder? to examine energy usage in two townships settings in South Africa, namely Doornkop and Kwaguqa. This investigation shows, and confirms earlier investigations of this type (Van Horen et al. 1993。 the National Climate Change Response Strategy efforts—DEAT 2021b。 Winkler and Marquard 2021). More recently, the focus has also expanded to include energy resource issues, development concerns and energy and climate change themes (UNFCCC 2021) (. the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios, LTMS1—Winkler 2021。 Hoets 1998。 affordability of alternative energy sources。 energy availability。本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文翻譯 外文題目： Challenges to achieving a successful transition to a low carbon economy in South Africa: examples from poor urban munities 出 處： Springer Science Business Media 作 者： Thuli N. Mdluli amp。 Coleen H. Vogel Abstract South Africa faces several development challenges including those linked to climate change. Energy usage in South Africa, for example, is already constrained because of a range of development challenges (the dependence on cheap coal as a heating source。 access。 and a range of health impacts, including air pollution). Notwithstanding calls for a transition to a low carbon economy, there have been few, recent assessments in South Africa of the costs associated with such a transition, particularly the social and economic costs for the poor who use energy in a variety of ways. In this paper we focus on trying to unravel some of the plex energyuse behaviour including understanding what drives consumers in resourcepoor areas to choose and use persistently risky energy options. Analysis of qualitative data in two township areas, Doornkop and Kwaguqa, shows that township households, whether electrified or not, continue to burn coal. In both study areas, an estimated 80% of electrified households burn coal for space heating and cooking and also make use of multiple fuel sources for a range of activities. Although the major obstacles preventing people from discontinuing domestic coal bustion are poverty, the ready availability and social acceptability of coal together with other social customs cannot be underrated. This paper therefore highlights some of the persistent challenges associated with sustainable energy transitions in South Africa including implications for improved mitigation and adaptation for the energy sector in wider climate change efforts. Keywords Domestic coal bustion . Energyuse patterns . Introduction Climate change poses many challenges to a variety of sectors such as water, energy, and agriculture (IPCC 2021) in Africa and the southern African region, including issues related to adaptation and mitigation (IPCC 2021). Whereas significant attention is focussed on mitigation, particularly those efforts linked to energy production, relatively few assessments in the energy sector focus on adaptation issues and on what may be termed the ?softer side? of energy use and uptake (. improved understanding of both the economic and social costs underpinning energy use). Adaptation, for example, is being promoted as a way to reduce the vulnerability of both natural and human systems to expected climate change effects (IPCC 2021) and can include anticipatory, reactive, private, public and planned adaptation. Moreover, more attention is required on trying to identify and understand some of the barriers to better and more effective energy fuel usage in southern Africa. Few in South Africa, for example, have undertaken an assessment of behavioural factors that may explain persistent, plex energyuse behaviours particularly for those already facing severe energy constraints . the poor. Some argue that a focus only on the ?hard issues? may indeed lead to a bias that results in implementation measures that centre on structural measures with the “neglect of potentially critical ?soft? measures needed to facilitate adaptation” and other efforts (. behavioural and policy measures) (Agrawala and Fankhauser 2021, 3). South Africa?s eco