【正文】 石材開采，和一個可以利用整個地區(qū)，這是不可能的，那么這種方法具有的優(yōu)勢， 就是 沒有開采后的分區(qū)建設的必要性。這項計劃，可能 是 要在地下空間利用 （克里斯蒂安森和斯科特， 1975年） 工業(yè)發(fā)展 中應用 。 在柔軟和較弱的材料，如煤炭，鉀肥，或頁巖，這是常見的做法，但還沒有在美國被廣泛采用硬巖礦山使用。因為 地底 上的礦石或地面穩(wěn)定的需要，因為他們留下的大 “支柱 ”。有某種程度的規(guī)模和支柱間距均勻性，但均勻性往往產(chǎn)生維護礦石品位控制的必要性。但直到那個時候 ，它還代表無法訪問礦石除外，任何多余的礦石，使礦石更破碎的余地。許多情況下，對采不規(guī)則的礦體時留下一些礦石， 畢業(yè)設計英語翻譯 6 來作為打鉆孔或時會采用的。因此， 下向回采 是一種 在 形式上回采水平向上的方向 的礦體。在高 度 不能達到該最高的礦化區(qū)、一個倒轉(zhuǎn)臺階可以在 頂板 (圖 5)。 Roof scaling and reinforcement ( rock bolting) would normally take place from the breast heading as it advances . Where the breast height does not reach the top of the mineralized zone ,an inverted bench can be carried in the roof ( Fig. 2 , Casteel, 1973) . Thus ,” taking down back” is a form of overhand stoping where horizontal slices are removed in an upward direction . In benching , the point where upper floor meets the vertical bench is called the “bluffline” or “bluff”。 底 板傾 斜 礦體，或更低的 工作面 ，可以提前通過反映了一個厚厚的，扁平礦體上部。 臺階 很窄，這使得大多數(shù)飛巖從 工作面飛到 采場的地板上， 陡坡 上留下很少的被炸開巖石。 從頂板，礦柱，坡頂，臺階還有巷道寬松的地方落下松散的巖石，這些地區(qū)被稱為“采礦寬松區(qū)” 。 理想情況下，如果操作員知道垂直的礦化程度、 他將鉆取 高度 第一個通過在區(qū)域的頂部， 然后便于下一步的回采工作 。 Multiple Slicing ( also known as multiplepass mining): In many cases it is not practical to carry the full vertical height of mining horizon as a full face .The face is divided into parts known as breast , bench ,and/or brow . Ideally, if the operator knows the vertical extent of the mineralized, he will drill and blast the first pass at the top of the zone , thereby creating the breast stope at the elevation where the permanent “back” (roof) will be . this allows easy access to remove any “l(fā)oose’ slabs of rock from the back while the rock is within easy reach and to secure the back with reinforcement bolts or pins if necessary. The process of scaling loose rock from either the roof ,pillars, brow, bench, or breast is in some districts referred to as “mining loose.’ 多個切片（又稱多通采礦）：在很多情況下 ， 作為一個完整的 工作面 進行充分挖掘地平線的垂直高度是不實際 。 在該進程下采取的松散巖已成為機械化、可以安全地實行 。為今后油頁巖的采礦面對得到超過 (20至 22英尺 ),目前的趨勢是 ,分成多個通行證。 能夠提取的下降高度 ,在面對一個合格的采礦設備 ,顯然必須是旨在達到高的背。 for a future oil shale property of mines where the mining face gets over to m (20 to 22 ft), the 畢業(yè)設計英語翻譯 4 tendency is to divide the face into more than one pass. Over this height, it bees difficult to properly see and remove loose rock from the back with a hand “mining bar”. Where the process of taking down loose rock has bee mechanized , higher fullface mining can be safely practiced . Most eastern and mid western coal seams and western uranium ,trona, and potash seams in the United States are easily reached in a single face。這 個斷面 也被稱為 “ 工作面 ” 。 Variations of the Roomandpillar System 各式各樣的房主采礦系統(tǒng) It is necessary to briefly describe some of the many variations of the roomandpillar system of mining, enabling the reader to fully explore the concepts and bee familiar with the terminology used before going on to the details of mine design. 有必要簡要介紹一些 房主采礦 系統(tǒng)的多 中 變化，使讀者充分 了解 概念和熟悉的術(shù)語使用前，礦井設計細節(jié)。煤炭、 天然堿、 瀝青、 鉀肥，油母頁巖、 鹽、 石灰?guī)r和砂巖地雷通常可以按照這樣的系統(tǒng)。 這 一詞是恰 畢業(yè)設計英語翻譯 3 當?shù)?，因為它使我想起這種類型系統(tǒng)隨機和不規(guī)則的房間和支柱礦確切的結(jié)果。這種 地下 采礦方法本身 就是很古老的 ，可 以追溯到幾千年。 In some instances detailed stope planning is almost nonexistent 。這是一個房柱采礦 法 區(qū)分從其 它空 場采礦方法 一個依據(jù) ，依靠重力運輸?shù)V石到海拔較低 的水平 ，通常 這是 繪制點制度的 一個 重要方面。 畢業(yè)設計英語翻譯 2 Roomand PillarMining 房柱采礦法 Roomandpillar mining is an openstoping method where mining progresses in a nearly horizontal or low angle direction by opening multiple stopes or rooms, leaving solid material to act as pillars to support the vertical load. Since the direction of excavation ( angle of dip ) is below that which would cause the dry material to flow by gravity to a draw point or gathering point, the material must be loaded in the room where it was extracted and transported to a point where it will flow, either by gravity or mechanical means, to a central gathering point to be taken out of the mine. This is an important aspect of roomandpillar mining which differentiates the system from other openstope mining methods which rely heavily upon gravity to transport ore from where it was broken to a lower elevation, usually through a draw point .There are many variations of the method which go by a names in local districts: breast stoping , breastandbench stoping, boardandpillar, stallandpillar, and panelandpillar are all basically openstope roomandpillar mining. 房柱采礦是空場采礦法挖掘凡進步近水平或低角度方向通過打開多個采場或房間，離開固體材料采取行動，以支持垂直負載的支柱。在后面一章 ，將 討論了這兩個因素如何影響采場采礦 法的選擇。 There are many forms of openstope mining used to extract the initial material from mine .Having once established that the mineral and waste rock are petent enough to use an openstoping method ,and assuming that the reserve is not classified as gassy, the form which the method will take is primarily determined by the dip and thickness of the reserve .How these two factors affect the selection of the openstope mining is discussed in a later chapter . At this point it will suffice to say that the classification of the openstope mining system which follows is based on whether dry , broken material flows by gravity or whether it must be moved by non gravity methods where energy must be supplied to move the material. 這里有許多空場采礦法用于才出地下的礦石。除了這個 ， 可能還需要使用錨桿，鋼筋棒，分流管，或噴漿，以穩(wěn)定緊鄰開幕的巖石表面。 畢業(yè)設計英語翻譯 1 ROOMANDPILLAR METHOD OF OPENSTOPE MINING 空場采礦法中的房柱采礦法 Chapter Classification of the RoomandPillar Method of OpenStope Mining 第一部分， 空場采礦的房柱法的分類 OPEN STOPING 空場采礦法