【正文】
括環(huán)狀)肽鏈能盤(pán)曲、折疊、形成有一定空間結(jié)構(gòu)的蛋白質(zhì)分子。連接兩個(gè)氨基酸分子的化學(xué)鍵(—NH—CO—)叫做肽鍵。另外12種氨基酸是人體能夠合成的,叫非必需氨基酸。元素組成:C H O N(有的含N P S Fe等)基本單位:氨基酸 氨基酸是組成蛋白質(zhì)的基本單位。蛋白質(zhì)與雙縮脲試劑發(fā)生作用,產(chǎn)生紫色反應(yīng)。脂肪可以被蘇丹紅Ⅲ染成橘黃色(或被蘇丹紅Ⅳ染液染成紅色)。(常見(jiàn)20多種)種類(lèi):大量元素:C H O N P S K Ca Mg微量元素:Fe Mn Cu Zn B Mo含量最多的4種(基本元素):C H O N C是構(gòu)成細(xì)胞的最基本的元素 無(wú)機(jī)化合物:水,無(wú)機(jī)鹽有機(jī)化合物:糖類(lèi),脂質(zhì),蛋白質(zhì),核酸(可以提供能量)實(shí)驗(yàn):檢測(cè)生物組織中的糖類(lèi)、脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)實(shí)驗(yàn)原理:某些化學(xué)試劑能夠使生物組織中的有關(guān)有機(jī)化合物產(chǎn)生特定的顏色反應(yīng)。第二章 組成細(xì)胞的分子第一節(jié) 細(xì)胞中的元素和化合物生物體總是和外界環(huán)境進(jìn)行著物質(zhì)交換,歸根結(jié)底是有選擇的從無(wú)機(jī)自然界獲取各種物質(zhì)來(lái)組成自身。對(duì)動(dòng)植物細(xì)胞的研究而揭示細(xì)胞的統(tǒng)一性和生物體結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)一性。藍(lán)藻細(xì)胞質(zhì):藍(lán)藻素和葉綠素(物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)),能進(jìn)行光合作用(自養(yǎng)生物);核糖體 細(xì)菌中的絕大多數(shù)種類(lèi)是營(yíng)腐生或寄生生活的異氧生物。原核生物:細(xì)菌(球、桿、螺旋、弧菌、乳酸菌)、衣原體、藍(lán)藻、支原體(沒(méi)有細(xì)胞壁,最小的細(xì)胞生物)、放線菌真核生物:植物、動(dòng)物、真菌(蘑菇、酵母菌、霉菌、大型真菌)病毒非真非原。(視野變暗:調(diào)遮光器使光圈變大或把反光鏡換成凹面鏡)④ 觀察并用細(xì)準(zhǔn)焦螺旋調(diào)焦。(對(duì)光)② 在低倍鏡下觀察清楚后,把放大觀察的物象移至視野中央。第二節(jié) 細(xì)胞的多樣性和統(tǒng)一性細(xì)胞的統(tǒng)一性:動(dòng)植物細(xì)胞基本相似結(jié)構(gòu),都具有細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)、細(xì)胞核(哺乳動(dòng)物、成熟的紅細(xì)胞沒(méi)有細(xì)胞核)。生物圈是最大的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。細(xì)胞→組織→器官→系統(tǒng)→個(gè)體→種群/群落PS:?jiǎn)渭?xì)胞生物無(wú)組織、器官、系統(tǒng),單細(xì)胞生物是個(gè)體;植物沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)。生命系統(tǒng):能獨(dú)立完成生命活動(dòng)的整體。Eg:以細(xì)胞代謝為基礎(chǔ)的生物與環(huán)境之間物質(zhì)和能量的交換;以細(xì)胞增殖、分化為基礎(chǔ)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。生物圈中存在著眾多的單細(xì)胞生物,單個(gè)細(xì)胞就能完成各種生命活動(dòng)。 felt bad the first time I talked to the first time 用法相當(dāng)于連詞用法,用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句 鏈接:It’s the first time that 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) It was the first time that 過(guò)去完成時(shí) taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep.(should have done 本應(yīng)做而未做)needn’t have done 本不應(yīng)做而做了 can’t have done 過(guò)去不可能做過(guò)第三篇:高中生物必修一知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)必修一第一章走近細(xì)胞第一節(jié)從生物圈到細(xì)胞病毒是無(wú)細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的生物,寄生在活細(xì)胞中,利用細(xì)胞里的物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)生活,繁殖。people’s rights。附:分詞用法 之 作定語(yǔ)falling leaves 正在落的葉子 boiling water 正在沸騰的水 fallen leaves 已經(jīng)落在地上的葉子 boiled water 開(kāi)水 Unit5 Nelson Mandela重點(diǎn)詞組:lose heart 喪失勇氣 worry about 擔(dān)心 lose one’s heart to sb/sth 愛(ài)上,喜歡上 be worried about 擔(dān)心(狀態(tài))in trouble 處于不幸中 be sentenced to 被判處be out of work = lose one’s job 失業(yè) be equal to 相等的,平等的be proud of / take pride in 以……而自豪 invite sb to do sth 邀請(qǐng)某人做某事 invite sb for/ to sth think highly of 對(duì)……評(píng)價(jià)高onethird 1/3 twothirds 2/3 seventyfive percent 75%agree with sbgive out 發(fā)出(氣味等);分發(fā);耗盡 as a matter of fact = in fact = actually 事實(shí)上blow up 充氣 爆炸beg for 乞討set up 建立,創(chuàng)立;設(shè)置,豎起 send up 發(fā)射,使上漲set about 著手做某事(set about doing sth)go up 上升,增長(zhǎng);被興建 set off 出發(fā),動(dòng)身 set up 設(shè)立,建立;設(shè)置,豎起 set out 陳列,擺出;開(kāi)始(set out to do sth)stop sb(from)doing sth be active in = take an active part in 積極參與,在……活躍 keep sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事die for 為……而死 die from 死于(外因)prevent sb(from)doing sth die of 死于(內(nèi)因 如:饑餓,寒冷,疾病等)agree with sb put sb in prison= throw sb into prison= send sb to prison 把……投入監(jiān)獄 advise sb to do sth 建議某人做某事 advice 不可數(shù) a piece of advice advise doing sth fight for 為爭(zhēng)取……而斗爭(zhēng) advise sb on sth fight against 為反對(duì)……而斗爭(zhēng)advise that(should)+ v原fight with 同……并肩作戰(zhàn)/ 同……斗爭(zhēng) have problems/ difficulty/ trouble with sth work out 算出have a go= have a trybreak the law 違反法律have problems/ difficulty/ trouble(in)doing sth be willing to do sth 樂(lè)于做某事 realize one’s dream of 實(shí)現(xiàn)…… 的夢(mèng)想answer violence with violence 以暴制暴 e to power 當(dāng)權(quán),上臺(tái)social activities 社會(huì)活動(dòng)equal(adj)equally(adv)equality(n)violence(n)violent(adj)cruelty(n)cruel(adj)cruelly(adv)educated(adj)education(n)willingunwilling 不愿意的 activeinactive 不活躍的 句子歸納: then did we decide to answer violence with 放在句首且后接狀語(yǔ)時(shí)(作狀語(yǔ):副詞;介詞短語(yǔ);狀語(yǔ)從句),要使用部分倒裝才用一般疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序。postmail Unit3 Travel Journal重點(diǎn)詞組: oneway fare 單程票roundtrip fare 往返票graduate from 從…畢業(yè) care about 憂慮,關(guān)心care for喜歡,照顧care to do愿意/同意做某事givein(vt)上交give in(to)投降;屈服;讓步 give up 放棄give up doing/sth as usual 像往常一樣 at midnight 午夜 at an altitude of 在…海拔上 attitude to/ toward(s)對(duì)…態(tài)度 change one’s mind 改變主意to my mind = in my opinion make camp 野營(yíng),宿營(yíng)make up one’s mind to do 決心干某事 put up one’s tents 搭起帳篷sth be familiar to sb某事為某人所熟悉dream of/ about doing sth 夢(mèng)想做某事 go for long bike rides 做長(zhǎng)途自行車(chē)旅行 persuade sb to do sth= persuade sb into doing sth 說(shuō)服某人做某事persuade sb not to do sth= persuade sb out of doing sth 說(shuō)服某人不做某事 determine to do sth(動(dòng)作)/ be determined to do sth(心理)決心干某事get sb interested in 使某人對(duì)..感興趣 insist on(one’s)sth/ doing sth 一定要;堅(jiān)持要 the best way of doing sth/ the best way to do sth 干某事的最好辦法 sb be familiar with sth某人熟悉某事can’t wait/ can hardly wait to do sth 迫不及待想干某事for one thing… for another(用來(lái)引出某事的理由)一則… 二則… take one’s breath away 使某人大吃一驚句子歸納: was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the Mekong :it is/ was….that….其中指人時(shí)可用who(主),whom(賓)。flatapartmentfilmmovie。solve(v)─ solution(n)。apidly ─ rapid(v)government(n)─ govern(v)wide(adj)─ widen(v)。 different in 強(qiáng)調(diào)在某方面的不同be different from 強(qiáng)調(diào)在各方面的不同 the end 最后,最終 后無(wú)of 結(jié)構(gòu) 三個(gè)表示最后最終的用法: ⑴finally: 按照順序的最后,常與first, secondly 等連用 ⑵at last: 經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間等待直到最后 ⑶in the end: 經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期曲折斗爭(zhēng)努力,終于… 如:戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等,常會(huì)有聽(tīng)不清楚或聽(tīng)不懂的情形,遇到這種情況該如何開(kāi)口呢? ⑴Pardon? ⑵I beg your pardon? I don’t understand./ Sorry, I can’t follow ,我沒(méi)聽(tīng)懂,請(qǐng)?jiān)僬f(shuō)一遍好嗎? ⑶Could you say that again, please? / Could you repeat that, please? 請(qǐng)?jiān)僬f(shuō)一遍好嗎? ⑷Could you speak more slowly, please? 請(qǐng)你說(shuō)得慢一點(diǎn)好嗎? ─ including。)句型:It is + adj/n+ for sb to do sth 對(duì)于某人來(lái)說(shuō)做某事是… 擴(kuò)充:It is + adj+ of /for sb to do sth 當(dāng)句式中形容詞修飾to do sth 時(shí)用for。美國(guó)是一個(gè)大國(guó),國(guó)內(nèi)說(shuō)著許許多多的方言。此處what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句), it was based more on German than present day English.(實(shí)際上,當(dāng)時(shí)的英語(yǔ)更多地是以德語(yǔ)為基礎(chǔ)的,而現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)不是。) languages change when cultures municate with one another.(當(dāng)不同文化互相溝通時(shí),所有的語(yǔ)言都會(huì)發(fā)生變化。扮演一個(gè)角色;參與 play an important role/ part 在…中起重要作用 because of 因?yàn)?;由?e up(vi)走進(jìn);上來(lái);發(fā)生;被討論 make(good/ full)use of(好好/充分)利用from one place to another 從一處到另一處present sth to sb / present sb with sth 句子歸納:, they may not be able to understand everything.(然而,他們可能不是什么都懂。(I would be grateful if… 委婉客氣提出請(qǐng)求)’s a good habit for you to keep a 。 was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to 。) you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? 你想有一位無(wú)話不談、能推心置腹的朋友嗎? haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with ,所以我變得對(duì)自然界的所有東西都很感興趣。似乎Unit 5 be equal to 勝任,有能力對(duì)付,與?相等 equal sb in??在某方面比得上某人 equality equally feel like 好像 be dressed in穿著 in camp 宿營(yíng) be willing to do be willing for sb to do sth愿意某人做某事 be unwilling to do stay awake 保持清醒 be fond of 喜歡 at one point 在某一時(shí)刻 t