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ity of operation,fixed time schedules and marshalling,and service from terminal to terminal. 7 Allows rapid movement of goods over short distance Allows “just in time” deliveries Direct, flexible, can go anywhere roads are A door to door service Uses existing roadway infrastructure ?Trucking for goods movement, auto for passenger Road 8 Disadvantages ? With the development of road transportation,new types of problems,such as a significant growth of fuel consumption,air pollution,traffic congestion and road accidents have emerged. 9 Air ?Good for Time sensitive materials Mail Lightweight material Perishable Valuable ? Short time cycle for infrastructure building Extremely rapid,flexible delivery ?Expensive Be easily influenced by heavy weather 10 Waterways ? Includes rivers, lakes, canal, waterways, maritime shipping ? Move a large number of cargoes ? Good for bulk freight ? Low cost ? Low speed 11 Freight modal capacities Why are these differences important to us? 12 ? Pipelines operate on a twentyfourhour basis,seven days per week,fifty two weeks per year.(continuous) ? intensive infrastructure investment ? Low cost ? Low pollution ? Mostly for goods such as petroleum,natural gas and coal(specific cargos) ? Infle