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第二章古典國際貿(mào)易理論-文庫吧資料

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【正文】 n and export cloth, and Foreign should specialize in and export wheat.? PC/PW< (PC/PW)w < P*C/P*W46湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓Third Step:gain from trade1)think of trade as an indirect method of production:? In autarky, Home can use 100 labor to produce 50 wheat。42湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓每個國家都應(yīng)該對本國的優(yōu)勢或劣勢進行比較分析,做到兩優(yōu)取其重,兩劣取其輕,以便在現(xiàn)有經(jīng)濟、技術(shù)、自然條件下更有效、更節(jié)約地分配勞動和利用資源,形成合理的、最有利于本國的生產(chǎn)要素配置和生產(chǎn)力布局,以最小的勞動消耗取得最大的經(jīng)濟效果。貿(mào)易所得來自于產(chǎn)品的消費和生產(chǎn)兩個方面的有效配置。 ② 相對價格的變化促進各國實行專業(yè)分工,專門從事本國具有比較優(yōu)勢之產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn),不生產(chǎn)具有比較劣勢的產(chǎn)品。 貿(mào)易后的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)點貿(mào)易后相對價格線 ?貿(mào)易擴大了各國消費選擇的范圍,因此提高了各國居民的福利水平。L/aLC37湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓According to Ricardo’s Rule, each country should specialize in and export the product in which it has a parative advantage. (各個國家應(yīng)專業(yè)生產(chǎn)并出口那些他們具有比較優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品)In this case, Home should be specialized in production of cloth and Foreign should produce wheat. International Trade under the parative advantage 38湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓Determining the Relative Price after Trade布的世界相對價格, (PC/PW )w布的相對產(chǎn)量, QC/QC+WaLC/aLWa*LC/a*LW Side(Relative Supply):1). (PC/PW )w < aLC/aLW ,no countries want to produce cloth.2). (PC/PW )w = aLC/aLW ,Home indifference to both goods.L*/a*LCL/aLC WW= PW /aLWThere must be WC = WW, because labor are perfectly mobile. So, PC/ aLC = PW /aLW → PC/PW = aLC/ aLW 34湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓PC/PW = aLC/ aLW? In a petitive autarky economy, only when the relative price of goods( PC/PW) equal to the opportunity cost of goods ( aLC/ aLw) , will the labors produce both goods.? 在一個自由競爭的封閉社會,只有當(dāng)兩種商品的相對價格等于它們的機會成本時,勞動者才會同時生產(chǎn)這兩種商品。L*/a*LCL/aLC在國際分工和專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的條件下,國際貿(mào)易使各國的福利增加了。 這就是所謂的 “兩優(yōu)取其最優(yōu),兩劣取其次劣”的比較優(yōu)勢原理。 如果一個國家在兩種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上都處于絕對優(yōu)勢的地位,但有利的程度不同,相比之下總有一種商品的絕對優(yōu)勢要更大一些,即具有比較優(yōu)勢;而另一個國家在兩種商品的生產(chǎn)上都處于絕對劣勢的地位,但不利的程度也會有所差異,相比之下總有一種商品的絕對劣勢要更小一些。李嘉圖作為工業(yè)資產(chǎn)階級的代言人,以比較成本論為武器,反對土地貴族及《谷物法》,為工業(yè)資產(chǎn)階級爭取自由貿(mào)易呼吁。 李嘉圖所處的時代正值英國產(chǎn)業(yè)革命深入發(fā)展時期。他們控制議會通過了 “谷物法谷物法 ”,對谷物的進口規(guī)定了一個有伸縮性的稅收制度,國外價格越低,則征稅越高。于是有膽量的商人進口國外的小麥和燕麥。17湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓Limitation of the Smith’s ModelHome ForeignLabor 100 100Goods Cloth 100 80Wheat 50 100Productivity ClothWheatIn this case, Foreign has the absolute advantage in both goods (it is very mon for a developed country to have absolute advantages in most sectors). According to the Smith theory, there will be no trade.(Really?)1501118湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓 可以用絕對優(yōu)勢理論來指導(dǎo)國際貿(mào)易嗎?19湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓第二節(jié) 比較成本理論David RicardoComparative AdvantageRicardo’s ModelDiscussion: Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage 20湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易學(xué)院 謝涓David Ricardo(17721823)He was born in London and was the third of 17 children.He had little formal education and went to work for his father at the age of 14, successfully.At the age of 27, he turned his attention to economics.One of the greatest political economists.21湖南大學(xué)經(jīng)
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