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cts, shared marketing department, shared sales force, shared service/repair work, shared order processing system, shared physical distribution system, shared buyer or distributor financing anization. September 2023 6 NJU 賈良定 ⑵ Intangible Interrelationships Sources: ① same generic strategy, ② same type of buyer(though not the same buyer), ③ similar configuration of the value chain(., many dispersed sites of mineral extraction and processing), ④ similar important value activities(., relations with government). Although value activities cannot be shared, these similarities among business units mean that knowhow gained in one business unit is valuable and transferable to another. Testing: ① How similar are the value activities in the business units? ② How important are the value activities involved to petition? ③ How significant is the knowhow that would be transferred to petitive advantage in the relevant activities? September 2023 7 NJU 賈良定 ⑶ Competitor Interrelationships They stem from the existence of rivals that actually or potentially pete with a firm in more than one industry. These multipoint petitors necessarily link industries together because actions toward them in one industry may have implications in another. September 2023 8 NJU 賈良定 Steps of Formulating Horizontal Strategy ⑴ Identify all tangible interrelationships.(see Figure2 AB) – The first step in doing so is to examine value chains of each business unit for actual and possible opportunities for sharing. In a diversified firm with many business units, to simplify the analytical task of identifying interrelationships, it may be possible to break up a diversified firm into a number of clusters of business units that have many interrelationships among themselves, but relatively few with other clusters. September 2023 9 NJU 賈良定 A . I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p M a t r i xB u s i n e s s 1B u s i n e s s 2C o m m o nB u y e rB u s i n e s s 2B u s i n e s s 3C o m m o nB u y e r 。C o m m o nC o m p o n e n tC o m m o nB u y e rB u s i n e s s 3B u s i n e s s 4C o m m o nR a wM a t e r i a l 。C o m m o nC o m p o n e n tI f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e e x t e n s i v e , as e p a r a t e m a t r i x c a n b e p r e p a r e d f o re a c h t y p e o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s .B . L i n k a g e D i a g r a m M a r k e t I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p P r o d u c t i o n I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p T e c h n o l o g i c a l I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i pI f t h e r