【正文】 xactly and that suits the content and style.(4)當(dāng)用同義詞時(shí)，選擇的單詞要表達(dá)含義最貼切，與內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格相匹配。 avoid binations that are unidiomatic。(2)使用特指、具體的詞匯描寫(xiě)細(xì)節(jié)；使用概括或抽象的詞匯進(jìn)行總結(jié)。(2)Use specific and concrete words when giving details。 use formal or nonstandard words only on special occasions or for special purposes。II. Choice of Words二、單詞的選擇When we write on mon topics for the general audience, we may achieve accuracy and appropriateness by bearing in mind the following guidelines about the choice of words:當(dāng)我們寫(xiě)一個(gè)大眾常見(jiàn)的主題，通過(guò)牢記選擇單詞遵循的指導(dǎo)原則，會(huì)如愿以償選出準(zhǔn)確得體的單詞。Below are examples of nonstandard words:以下是不規(guī)范語(yǔ)的實(shí)例：ain’t (am not, is not, has not) jolly (very) cool (very good)hot (angry。As we make progress in our study of English, we certainly learn more and more words. It is a good policy to find a mon word of similar meaning when we learn a formal of “big” word.當(dāng)我們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)上取得進(jìn)步，肯定學(xué)習(xí)了越來(lái)越多的單詞。這兩個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和意思相似，所含詞匯使它們呈現(xiàn)不同的風(fēng)格。The first sentence is informal and colloquial, and the second is much more formal, because it contains such formal words as apparition, reduce, condition, mortal and terror. The two sentences are similar in structure and meaning, so it is the words in them that make them different in style. Of course, people seldom say anything like the second sentence in daily conversation.第一句是非正式和口語(yǔ)化的，第二句更加正式，因?yàn)樗T如apparition（幽靈）, reduce（Compare:比較：I saw a ghost, and I was frightened to death.我看到一個(gè)幽靈，被嚇得要死。第二行那些詞僅用于正式文獻(xiàn)，如法規(guī)文件、研究論文、說(shuō)明書(shū)和公共演講。Here are examples of the first and second kinds of words:如下是第一和第二種的例詞：same speech learned destroy stiff try pieceidentical oration erudite annihilate rigid endeavor fragmentIn the first row are mon words and in the second formal words. It can be seen at a glance that those mon words are used in everyday conversation and in informal writing like personal letters, diaries and stories. Those in the second row are used only in formal writing like articles documents, research papers, manuals and in public speaking.第一行是常用詞，第二行是正式詞。其中包括俚語(yǔ)，術(shù)語(yǔ)、方言和陳舊的詞語(yǔ)，可以稱(chēng)之為不規(guī)范語(yǔ)。其中一些詞匯可能對(duì)一般人來(lái)說(shuō)不好理解，短期內(nèi)就消失了。這些詞匯通常是正式的，可以稱(chēng)之為正式語(yǔ)和術(shù)語(yǔ)。其中包括政治、法律、科學(xué)、技術(shù)、商業(yè)和文學(xué)詞匯。但我們不必苦惱無(wú)法全部學(xué)會(huì)，就普通用途而言，普通人僅會(huì)用到幾千詞匯，這些用途最廣或常見(jiàn)的詞匯組成了英語(yǔ)詞匯的核心，我們必須學(xué)會(huì)并牢記。Part Two Diction第二部分 措辭Ⅰ. Types of Words一、單詞類(lèi)型There are tens of thousands of words in the English language, and along with social and scientific progress, new words appear frequently. The total number of English words, if it could be found out, must be surprisingly large. But we need not be worried about the impossibility of learning all of them, for only a few thousand words are used by ordinary people for ordinary purposes. These are the most useful words, or the mon words, words that form the core of the English vocabulary. They are the words we must learn and remember.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中有數(shù)萬(wàn)個(gè)單詞，隨著社會(huì)和科學(xué)進(jìn)步，新詞匯頻繁問(wèn)世。把它放到方括號(hào)中有誤導(dǎo)之嫌，因?yàn)槟且馕吨@個(gè)詞是一個(gè)解釋性的備注。逗號(hào)后應(yīng)該留一個(gè)小空格（大約一個(gè)字母），句號(hào)后留更大一點(diǎn)的空格（大約兩個(gè)字母）。We should always try to write neatly so that our handwriting can be read easily. We should make capital letters bigger and higher than small letters, a’s different from o’s, n’s different from u’s, and we should not forget to dot i’s and j’s, or cross t’s. A little space(about that of one letter)should be left after a ma, and a slightly bigger space(about that of two letters)after a full stop.我們總會(huì)力求書(shū)寫(xiě)整潔以便筆跡容易閱讀。Ⅳ. Handwriting四、書(shū)寫(xiě)There are two mon ways of writing the letters: to form loops and to print(to write without joining the letters in imitation of printed words). Both are good, but we had better stick to one of the two styles.有兩種常見(jiàn)的書(shū)寫(xiě)字母方法：手寫(xiě)體和印刷體（模仿打印字，書(shū)寫(xiě)字母時(shí)筆畫(huà)不連接）。⑷如果被放到主語(yǔ)和說(shuō)話的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，引用句結(jié)尾加逗號(hào)，說(shuō)話的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞跟句點(diǎn)。⑷ if the quoted sentence is put before the subject and verb of saying, it ends with a ma, and the verb of saying is followed by a full stop。⑵ a plete sentence within quotation marks after the verb of saying begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop。Miss Johnson advised us to“pay attention to both content and language”when we wrote an essay.當(dāng)寫(xiě)一篇文章時(shí)，約翰遜小姐建議我們要“同時(shí)注重內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言”。”“When you write an essay,” she said,“you should pay attention to both content and language.”“當(dāng)你寫(xiě)一篇文章時(shí)，”她說(shuō)，“應(yīng)該同時(shí)注重內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言。在這點(diǎn)上，我們應(yīng)該特別關(guān)注引用詞、句中大寫(xiě)字母和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的專(zhuān)用法。 after Charles Macintosh who invented it )橡膠雨衣（一種雨衣；以發(fā)明者查爾斯Common words used as parts of proper names are capitalized:常見(jiàn)詞匯被當(dāng)作專(zhuān)有名詞的一部分要首字母大寫(xiě):Third Ring Road 三環(huán)路Northwestern university 西北大學(xué)Women’s Day 婦女節(jié)the National Library of Beijing 北京國(guó)家圖書(shū)館the Middle Ages 中世紀(jì)the Yellow River 黃河Words derived from proper names are usually capitalized:從專(zhuān)有名詞衍生出的詞匯通常首字母大寫(xiě)：Marxist 馬克思主義者Darwinism 達(dá)爾文主義Freudian 弗洛伊德學(xué)說(shuō)Dickensian 狄更斯學(xué)者Taoist 道士Latinize 拉丁化Some proper names or their derivatives have bee mon words:一些專(zhuān)有名詞或其衍生詞已成為常見(jiàn)詞匯。在一些字典中，音節(jié)的劃分被通過(guò)一個(gè)點(diǎn)表示出來(lái)；照上述例子的形式，其他字典是通過(guò)一個(gè)空格來(lái)表示：to geth er, sum mer。 as in the examples given above, in others by a space: to geth er, sum mer.單詞拆分不總是容易的。Division of words at the ends of several consecutive lines should be avoided.在幾個(gè)連續(xù)行結(jié)尾處的單詞拆分應(yīng)避免。Division of proper names should be avoided: Dickens, Paris.專(zhuān)有名詞的拆分應(yīng)避免：Dickens, Paris。Words with hyphens should be divided only at the hyphen: broadminded, brokenhearted.帶連字符的單詞應(yīng)只從連字符處拆分：broadminded, brokenhearted。A stressed close syllable usually takes a consonant with it: dedicate, gratify, laboratory, finnish.一個(gè)重讀閉音節(jié)通常帶一個(gè)輔音字母：dedicate, gratify, laboratory, finnish。Onesyllable words such as count, health and thought cannot be divided. Words with two or more syllables can be divided according to the formation of syllables: repeated, insist, punctual, sandal, decline, translation.單音節(jié)詞例如count, health和thought不能被拆分。出現(xiàn)