【正文】 uch, much faster!PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What is the Internet? (d)2. What is a router? (c)3. What is carried on every tiny packet of information that travels through the Internet? (d)4. What is a router pared to in the lecture? (b)5. The Internet is controlled by one gigantic ISP. (F There is no one controlling network at the top)6. Routers can send the packets of information in one massage over many different routes to their destination. (T)7. The lecturer pares the tiny packets of information that travel through the Internet to electronic postcards. (T)Chapter 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat I’d lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to develop a second language, but for a moment, let’s think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language. What do we know about how babies develop their language and munication ability? Well, we know babies are able to municate as soon as they are born―even before they learn to speak their first language. At first, they municate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or unfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises. Now, by the time they are ten months old, however, the babbling of babies from different language backgrounds sounds different. For example, the babbling of a baby in a Chinesespeaking home sounds different from the babbling of a baby in an Englishspeaking home. Babies begin a new stage of language development when they begin to speak their first words. At first, they invent their own words for things. For example, a baby in an Englishspeaking home may say “baba” for the word “bottle” or “kiki” for “cat.” In the next few months, babies will acquire a lot of words. These words are usually the names of things that are in the baby’s environment, words for food or toys, for example. They will begin to use these words to municate with others. For example, if a baby holds up an empty juice bottle and then says “juice,” to his father, the baby seems to be saying, “I want more juice, Daddy” or “May I have more juice, Daddy?” This word “juice” is really a oneword sentence. Now, the next stage of language acquisition begins around the age of 18 months, when the babies begin to say twoword sentences. They begin to use a kind of grammar to put these words together. The speech they produce is called “telegraphic” speech because the babies omit all but the most essential words. An Englishspeaking child might say something like “Daddy, up” which actually could mean “Daddy, pick me up, please.” Then, between two and three years of age, young children begin to learn more and more grammar. For example, they begin to use the past tense of verbs. The children begin to say things such as “I walked home” and “I kissed Mommy.” They also begin to overgeneralize this new grammar rule and make a log of grammar mistakes. For example, children often say such thins as “I goed to bed” instead of “I went to bed,” or “I eated ice cream” instead of “I ate ice cream.” In other words, the children have learned the past tense rule for regular verbs such as “walk” and “kiss,” but they haven’t learned that they cannot use this rule for all verbs. Some verbs like “eat” are irregular, and the past tense forms for irregular verbs must be learned individually. Anyway, these mistakes are normal, and the children will soon learn to use the past tense for regular and irregular verbs correctly. The children then continue to learn other grammatical structures in the same way. If we stop to think about it, actually it’s quite amazing how quickly babies and children all over the world learn their language and how similar the process is for babies all over the world. Do you remember anything about how you learned your first language during the early years of your life? Think about the process for a minute. What was your first word? Was it “mama” or maybe “papa”? Now think also about the process of learning English as a second language. Can you remember the first word you learned in English? I doubt that it was “mama.” Now, think about some of the similarities and differences involved in the processes of child and adult language learning. We’ll talk about some similarities and differences in the first and second language learning processes tomorrow. See you then.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. At what age do babies begin to municate? (a)2. Which of the following is an example of “telegraphic” speech? (b)3. At what age do children begin to use the past tense? (c)4. At four months of age the babbling of babies sounds the same all over the world. (T)5. A baby’s first words are usually words that he or she inverts. (T)6. A child uses only vocabulary and no grammar before about two years of age. (F He/she actually used a kind of grammar in making twoword sentences at about 18months of age.)7. Children probably say “I goed” instead of “I went” because they hear their parents say this. (F Children say “I goed” instead of “I went” because they are overgeneralizing the grammar rule for the regular past tense verbs to the irregular verb “go.”)Chapter 7 A Tidal Wave: What Is It? What Causes It? How Can We Predict It?　　　　A tidal wave is a very large and very destructive wall of water that rushes in from the ocean toward the shore. Many scientists call these waves tsunami. In Japanese tsunami means “sto