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單片機(jī)控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)的系統(tǒng)畢業(yè)論文-文庫(kù)吧資料

2025-07-03 14:08本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 step resolution, torque and speed. Typical step angles for the HB stepper motor range from 176。參考文獻(xiàn)[1] [M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,1993:17158.[2] 吳中俊 (第2版)[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2008:2835.[3] [M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2009:1284.[4] 馮太合 [M]. 北京:華南理工大學(xué)出版社,2004:1179.[5] [M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006:180.[6] 胡健. 西門子S7300 PLC應(yīng)用教程[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007:36123.[7] [M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2008:197468.[8] 羅艷紅 [M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2009:1247.[9] 西門子(中國(guó)) PLC[M]. 北京:北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社,2004:1208.[10] 高金源 [M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2007:128169. 附錄A 英文資料Stepper Motor Basics A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical mand pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors rotation has several direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation. The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the number of input pulses applied.Stepper Motor Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages 1. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.2. The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized)3. Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have an accuracy of 3 – 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to the next.4. Excellent response to starting/stopping/reversing.5. Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the life of the motor is simply dependant on the life of the bearing.6. The motors response to digital input pulses provides openloop control, making the motor simpler and less costly to control.7. It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that is directly coupled to the shaft.8. A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to the frequency of the input pulses.Disadvantages 1. Resonances can occur if not properly controlled.2. Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds.Open Loop OperationOne of the most significant advantages of a stepper motor is its ability to be accurately controlled in an open loop system. Open loop control means no feedback information about position is needed. This type of control eliminates the need for expensive sensing and feedback devices such as optical encoders. Your position is known simply by keeping track of the input step pulses.Stepper Motor TypesThere are three basic stepper motor types. They are :? Variablereluctance? Permanentmagnet? HybridVariablereluctance (VR)This type of stepper motor has been around for a long time. It is probably the easiest to understand from a structural point of view. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a typical . stepper motor. This type of motor consists of a soft iron multitoothed rotor and a wound stator. When the stator windings are energized with DC current the poles bee magnetized. Rotation occurs when the rotor teeth are attracted to the energized stator poles.Figure 1 Crosssection of a variablereluctance(VR) motor.Permanent Magnet (PM)Often referred to as a “tin can” or “canstock” motor the permanent magnet step motor is a low cost and low resolution type motor with typical step angles of 176。本系統(tǒng)控制靈活,簡(jiǎn)單方便,制作成本低。論文設(shè)計(jì)符合步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。并對(duì)步進(jìn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速控制進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)。針對(duì)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的功能要求,提出了控制系統(tǒng)的詳細(xì)方案。本文構(gòu)建了一個(gè)步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制系統(tǒng),系統(tǒng)的硬件組成主要有:51系列單片機(jī)、L298N驅(qū)動(dòng)電路、直流電壓源工作。計(jì)算機(jī)通過(guò)軟件來(lái)控制步進(jìn)電機(jī),更好地挖掘出電動(dòng)機(jī)的潛力。TL0=0x2c。EX1=1。EA=1。開始初始化“換向”按下? no yes打開外部中斷執(zhí)行換向程序結(jié)束 中斷換向流程圖程序代碼如下:{TMOD=0x01。本系統(tǒng)中斷共有兩個(gè),分別實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能是換向和暫停。本系統(tǒng)采用的中斷源為外部中斷源。這種程序在執(zhí)行過(guò)程中由于外界的原因而被中間打斷的情況稱為“中斷”。開始初始化 顯示N啟動(dòng)開關(guān)為0?Y停止計(jì)時(shí)器 N速度之為0?Y停止計(jì)時(shí)器啟動(dòng)計(jì)時(shí)器延時(shí) 系統(tǒng)總體流程圖 中斷模塊中斷是通過(guò)硬件來(lái)改變CPU的運(yùn)行方向的。通過(guò)調(diào)用兩個(gè)中斷程序,以及延時(shí)程序來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的控制。本設(shè)計(jì)鍵盤使用的是簡(jiǎn)單的程序控制掃描方式。定時(shí)掃描方式只要定時(shí)時(shí)間到,CPU就去掃描鍵盤,工作效率有了一定的提高。中斷掃描方式鍵盤工作在程序控制掃描方式時(shí),當(dāng)無(wú)鍵按下時(shí),CPU要不間斷的掃描鍵盤直到有按鍵按下為止。程序控制掃描方式程序控制掃描方式是指單片機(jī)在空閑時(shí),才調(diào)用鍵盤掃描程序,并反復(fù)的掃描鍵盤,直到用戶從鍵盤上輸入命令或數(shù)據(jù),而在執(zhí)行鍵入命令或處理鍵入數(shù)據(jù)過(guò)程中,CPU將不再影響鍵入要求,直到CPU重新掃描鍵盤為止。本次設(shè)計(jì)中,在鍵盤的部分采用四個(gè)按鍵,分別控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向、加速、減速、啟動(dòng)停止。 按鍵的確認(rèn)按鍵的確認(rèn)就是判別按鍵是否閉合,反映在電壓上就是和按鍵相連的引腳呈現(xiàn)出高電平或低電平。抖動(dòng)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短由按鍵的機(jī)械特性決定,一般為5ms~10ms,而按鍵的穩(wěn)定閉合期的長(zhǎng)短則是由操作人員的按鍵動(dòng)作決定的,一般為十分之幾秒的時(shí)間。平時(shí)(按鍵不按下時(shí)),按鍵的觸點(diǎn)是斷開狀態(tài),按鍵被按下時(shí),他們才閉合。 鍵盤的特性鍵盤是由一組按鍵開關(guān)組成的。目前,單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)中最常見的觸點(diǎn)式開關(guān)按鍵。根據(jù)按鍵結(jié)構(gòu)、原理的不同,主要分兩類:一類是觸點(diǎn)式開關(guān)按鍵,如機(jī)械開關(guān)等;另一類是無(wú)觸點(diǎn)開關(guān)案件,如磁感應(yīng)按鍵等。 鍵盤的電路設(shè)計(jì)鍵盤是單片機(jī)十分重要的輸入設(shè)備,是實(shí)現(xiàn)人機(jī)對(duì)話的紐帶。第三部分是供電。8腳(R1IN)、9腳(R1OUT)、10腳(T1IN)、7腳(T1OUT)為第二數(shù)據(jù)通道。由11114腳構(gòu)成兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)通道。功能是產(chǎn)生+12V和12V兩個(gè)電源,提供給RS232串口電平的需要。內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)基本可分三個(gè)部分():第一部分是電荷泵電路。給出了采用MAX232芯片的PC機(jī)和單片機(jī)串行通信接口電路,與PC機(jī)相連采用9芯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)插座。IN1IN4輸入引腳為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TTL 邏輯電平信號(hào),用來(lái)控制H橋的開與關(guān)即實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)的正反轉(zhuǎn),ENA、ENB引腳則為使能控制端,用來(lái)輸入PWM信號(hào)實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)調(diào)速。Vss接邏輯控制的電源。L298N是雙H橋高電壓大電流集成電路。這種電路由于管子工作只在飽合和截止?fàn)顟B(tài)下,效率非常高。L298N采用由達(dá)林頓管組成的H型PWM電路。 L298N驅(qū)動(dòng)電路 L298N芯片簡(jiǎn)介L(zhǎng)298N是SGS公司的產(chǎn)品,內(nèi)部包含4通道邏輯驅(qū)動(dòng)電路。 L298N驅(qū)動(dòng)電路設(shè)計(jì)這部分電路作用是驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的,電路中用到了8個(gè)續(xù)流二極管,它們的作用是給電機(jī)提供回流通路,同時(shí)也起到一個(gè)保護(hù)L298N的安全。一般上拉電阻取值為1KΩ10KΩ。 時(shí)鐘電路 上拉電阻的作用P0口沒(méi)有上拉電阻,故作為普通IO口用的時(shí)候,須加上拉電阻。事實(shí)上對(duì)外接電容并沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格的要求,典型值選用20PF30PF的電容。 復(fù)位電路 時(shí)鐘電路設(shè)計(jì)在這個(gè)最小系統(tǒng)中,采用的是最常用的內(nèi)部時(shí)鐘方式,一般情況下,單片機(jī)選用的是12MHz晶振(在此頻率上,T1可以很容易的產(chǎn)生9600的波特率供串口使用)。200Ω的電阻是使電容C19的放電電流不至于太大。一般取經(jīng)驗(yàn)值R=10KΩ,C=10uF,Rs=200Ω。上電復(fù)位主要是一個(gè)是在系統(tǒng)加電的時(shí)候,能夠使單片機(jī)正常復(fù)位,并開始從0000H處開始執(zhí)行程序,而按鍵復(fù)位主要是在調(diào)試過(guò)程中,需要有一個(gè)復(fù)位按鍵,能夠方便的在運(yùn)行時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)位。有了下面這么多電路,一個(gè)單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)就有了大腦和五臟,也就是有了生命,但還少五官和四肢,換句話說(shuō),他還不可以和外界溝通。以下部分是對(duì)電路的主要組成部分進(jìn)行介紹講解。通過(guò)這3部分的結(jié)合來(lái)控制和顯示步進(jìn)電機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn),系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中有一些部分要注意,首先要了解單片機(jī)的工作原理,在L298N驅(qū)動(dòng)電路設(shè)計(jì)中要在驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的同時(shí)還要保護(hù)好L298N。隨著微處理器技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,單片機(jī)的性價(jià)比越來(lái)越高,利用單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制將形成趨勢(shì)。 系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用基于單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制也是目前重要的一種手段,步進(jìn)電機(jī)本身就是離散型自動(dòng)化執(zhí)行元件,所以它特別適合采用單片機(jī)及嵌入式系統(tǒng)控制。直流電壓源中斷鍵盤步進(jìn)電機(jī)L298N控制信號(hào)AT89S52直流電壓源 系統(tǒng)總體框圖 系統(tǒng)作用本控制
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