【正文】 務(wù)。于此同時(shí)，特別是自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來(lái)，私人汽車(chē)使用的增長(zhǎng)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)已顯著的使公共交通的使用縮減。 然而，由于內(nèi)燃機(jī)技術(shù)提供了比有軌交通方式更為廉價(jià)的和更為靈活的汽車(chē)，從而導(dǎo)致了市區(qū)內(nèi)其他交通方式的衰落。消費(fèi)者越來(lái)越多的對(duì)于低密度的居住生活的熱愛(ài)，以及對(duì)于跨越已確定的城市邊界出行能力的偏愛(ài)，促進(jìn)了從二十年代開(kāi)始的汽車(chē)購(gòu)置和使用方便急劇增長(zhǎng)。與此同時(shí)，許多工業(yè)也從由市中心延伸出去的提路沿線疏散了，工人們起初需要在這些工廠附近居住，現(xiàn)在引進(jìn)了電車(chē)，住的遠(yuǎn)也沒(méi)有什么關(guān)系了。有軌電車(chē)的出現(xiàn)使城市地區(qū)超出了之前運(yùn)輸技術(shù)（例如走路、騎馬、馬車(chē)）所限定的界限進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)展。支撐的類(lèi)型引導(dǎo)的手段，以及控制技術(shù)。城市交通的技術(shù)城市交通技術(shù)是同交通系統(tǒng)的空間布局緊密相關(guān)的，其中交通網(wǎng)設(shè)計(jì)反映車(chē)輛的速度、運(yùn)行和費(fèi)用特征所采用的交通模式。上述的考慮指出用于交通規(guī)劃的兩個(gè)重要原則：被認(rèn)為是市區(qū)社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)完整部分。這個(gè)關(guān)系還暗示可供與交通問(wèn)題打交道的政府官員多采用的選擇方案。從歷史上看,城市交通系統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)決定城市形態(tài)的重要因素。同時(shí),這種結(jié)構(gòu)的變化會(huì)影響交通系統(tǒng)提供流動(dòng)性和可達(dá)性的能力。甚至在不能利用公共交通的很小的市區(qū)內(nèi)，當(dāng)?shù)氐慕值谰W(wǎng)絡(luò)也會(huì)提供交通系統(tǒng)的基本空間特征。當(dāng)提供這些出行機(jī)會(huì)的公共設(shè)施和服務(wù)集合起來(lái),使從一個(gè)地點(diǎn)到另一個(gè)地點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)成為可能時(shí)就會(huì)形成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。離開(kāi)家的出行者可以乘坐當(dāng)?shù)氐墓财?chē)而到達(dá)另一個(gè)郊區(qū)地鐵車(chē)站（出行集合過(guò)程），經(jīng)車(chē)站轉(zhuǎn)到地鐵站臺(tái)（換乘過(guò)程），乘地鐵到達(dá)一個(gè)商業(yè)車(chē)站（沿線運(yùn)行過(guò)程），然后步行到工作地點(diǎn)（分散過(guò)程）。交通系統(tǒng)的空間布置 描述一個(gè)城市交通系統(tǒng)的空間尺度的方式是考慮一個(gè)人由起點(diǎn)到目的地的出行特點(diǎn)。最重要的是,一個(gè)城市的交通系統(tǒng)被認(rèn)為是包括交通設(shè)施和服務(wù),這兩者有助于貫穿全區(qū)的出行，并且為以下兩方面提供機(jī)會(huì):(1)居民的流通量和商品的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，(2)對(duì)于土地的可達(dá)性。這樣，為了發(fā)展和維護(hù)城市交通系統(tǒng)而制定的規(guī)劃是一項(xiàng)重要的活動(dòng)，既是為了促進(jìn)人和貨物在市區(qū)的有效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，同時(shí)也是為了保持交通在實(shí)現(xiàn)其他社團(tuán)目標(biāo)方而所能起到的強(qiáng)有力的支援作用。 Michael D. Meyer and Eric J. Miller Urban Transportation Planning, 1984城市交通規(guī)劃城市交通系統(tǒng)是市區(qū)的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、和物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)基本組成部分。 with dramatically lower residential densities along streetcar lines radiating from the central city. Whereas many industries had decentralized along railroad lines leading from the central city，and workers initially had to live near these factories, the introduction of streetcars now permitted more distant living.The success of the streetcar in providing access from selected suburban areas to central business districts was followed by public acceptance of a second major technological innovationthe automobile，powered by the internal bustion engine. Increasing consumer preferences for lowerdensity living and for an ability to travel beyond established urban boundaries sparked a phenomenal growth in automobile ownership and usage，beginning in the 1920s . ④The automobile continues and accelerated the evolution of urban structure started by the electric streetcar. Its availability permitted further expansion of urban areas and, more important, provided access to land between the radial streetcar and railroad lines leading into the central city.The technology of the internalbustion engine，however, also led to the decline of other transportation modes used in urban areas by providing a less expensive and more flexible replacement for railbased modes. While the automobile provided new opportunities for personal mobility and urban growth, motor buses rapidly replaced electric streetcars, to the extent that only five North American cities today still operate largescale streetcar systemsBoston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Toronto, and San Francisco (although this trend has reversed somewhat in recent years with new `light rail39。s social and economic structure, often called the urban activity system，develops. At the same time，changes in this structure can affect the ability of the transportation system to provide mobility and accessibility. Thus , the transportation system is closely related to the urban activity system and。 the transportation technologies that provide the means of moving over these distances。本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)名稱(chēng)：土木工程年級(jí)班級(jí)：學(xué)生姓名：指導(dǎo)教師：河南理工大學(xué)土木工程學(xué)院二○ 年 月 日河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 外文翻譯Urban transportation Planning An urban transportation system is basic ponent of an urban area39。s social，economic，and physical structure. Not only does the design and performance of a transportation system provide opportunities for mobility，but over the long term，it influences patterns of growth and the level of economic activity through the accessibility it provides to land. Planning for the development or maintenance of the urban transportation system is thus an important activity，both for promoting the efficient movement of people and goods in an urban area and for maintaining the strong supportive role that transportation can play in attaining other munity objectives.There are several basic concepts about an urban transportation system that should be kept in mind. Most important，a transportation system in an urban area is defined as consisting of the facilities and services that allow travel throughout the region，providing opportunities for:(I)mobility to residents of an urban area and movement of goods and (2) accessibility to land .Given this definition，an urban transportation system can be further characterized by three major ponents: the spatial configuration that permits travel from one location to another。 and the institutional framework that provides for the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of system facilities.The Spatial Configuration of a Transportation SystemOne way to describe the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is to consider the characteristics of individual trips from an origin to a destination. For example, a trip can consist of several types of movement undertaken to achieve different objectives. Travelers leaving home might use a local bus system to reach a suburban subway station(a trip collection process)，proceed through the station to the subway platform (a transfer process)，ride the subway to a downtown station (a linehaul process)，and walk to a place of employment (a distribution process). Similarly，one can view a hometowork trip by car as consisting of similar segments，with the local street system providing the trip collection process, a freeway providing the linehaul capability，a parking lot in the central business district serving as a transfer point，and walking，as before，serving the distribution function.The facilities and services that provide these opportunities for travel，when interconnected to permit movement