【正文】 en vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby’s intention to municate they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six moths they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire（能發(fā)出的全部聲音）. This selfimitation leads on to deliberate（有意識的）imitation of sounds made or words spoken to the by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.1. By “… challenges explanation”（Line 2, Para,1）the author means that _____________.A. no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenonB. no explanation has been made up to nowC. it’s no easy job to provide an adequate explanationD. it’s high time that an explanation was provided2. The third paragraph is mainly about ____________.A. the development of babies’ early forms of languageB. the difficulties of babies in learning to speakC. babies’ strong desire to municateD. babies’ intention to municate3. The author’s purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children ____________.A. usually obey without asking questions B. are passive in the process of learning to speakC. are born cooperativeD. learn to speak by listening4. From the passage we learn that _____________.A. early starters can learn to speak within only six monthsB. children show a strong desire to municate by making noisesC. imitation plays an important role in learning to speak D. children have various difficulties in learning to speak5. The best title for this passage would be _____________.A. How Babies Learn to SpeakB. Early Forms of LanguageC. A Huge Task for ChildrenD. Noise Making and Language Learning.Passage 4 （P6）Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. cognitive（認(rèn)知學(xué)派）researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary（金錢的）rewards sparks creativity in gradeschool children, suggesting that properly presented inducements（刺激）indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.In earlier grades, the use of socalled token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performancebased points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ____________.A. the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewardsB. the amount of monetary rewards for students’ creativityC. the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD. the effects of external rewards on students’ performance2. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students.A. They have no doubts about them.B. They have doubts about them.C. They approve of them.D. They avoid talking about them.3. Which of the following can bet raise students’ creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?A. Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.B. Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.C. Giving them rewards they really deserve.D. Giving them rewards they anticipate.4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______________.A. rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB. punishment is more effective than rewarding C. failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsD. discouraging the students’ anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency5. The phrase “token economies” （Line 1, Para 5）probably refers to _____________.A. ways to develop economyB. systems of rewarding studentsC. approaches to solving problemsD. methods of improving performancePassage 5（P8）The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator”.In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed will and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher（肉商）, the baker, and the icecream man delivered t