【正文】 儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。 這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)是這樣進(jìn)行論證的：一開(kāi)始，人類(lèi)把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季節(jié)的變化都看成是不可預(yù)料的。 05 The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world even the seasonal changes as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire munitydid not participate, a clear division was usually made between the acting area and theauditorium. In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect success in hunt or battle, the ing rain, the revival of the Sun as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious theory traces the theater39。 它可以在水中發(fā)出相當(dāng)于 800 伏特電 壓電流 (家庭用戶(hù)的電壓只有 120 伏特 )。 這種細(xì)胞大量地連接在一起時(shí)產(chǎn)生的效果 將是 非常令人吃驚的。 許多生物細(xì)胞發(fā)出的電流都是 極微小的，小到要用靈敏儀器才能記錄和測(cè)量。 當(dāng)心臟跳動(dòng)時(shí)，把它發(fā)出的脈沖記錄下來(lái)就成了心電 ? 圖，這可讓醫(yī)生了解心臟的 工作狀況。 科學(xué)家不 斷發(fā)現(xiàn)許多生物世界里可能有益于人類(lèi)的關(guān)于電的有趣秘密。 當(dāng)停電時(shí)，人們?cè)趽u曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索； 因沒(méi)有紅 綠燈的指示，汽車(chē)在道路上遲疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，導(dǎo)致食 物變質(zhì)。s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body. 電 當(dāng)今時(shí)代是電氣時(shí)代。 04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent , people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuriesago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record。 買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢(qián)數(shù)，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質(zhì)量和 數(shù)量，交易的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對(duì)交易物的質(zhì)量保證、 交貨條款、退賠權(quán)利等等。 該定義就其本 身來(lái)說(shuō)自有其道理。如果隨機(jī)挑選一群人，問(wèn) 問(wèn)他們?nèi)绾味x 價(jià)格 ，許多人會(huì)回答價(jià)格就是根據(jù)賣(mài)方提供的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，買(mǎi)方向其付出 的錢(qián)數(shù)。 所有 這些價(jià)格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價(jià)格系統(tǒng)。 價(jià)格也是有限的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)在買(mǎi)方中的配給 手段。 學(xué)校教育這一形式化的過(guò)程是有特定的 限制的。 他們所學(xué)的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運(yùn)作，往往受到科目范 圍的限制。 在不同場(chǎng)合下，它的基本形式大同小異。 教育應(yīng)成為人生命中不可缺少的一部分。 人們從幼時(shí)起就 開(kāi)始受教育。 上學(xué)讀書(shū)多少有點(diǎn)可預(yù)見(jiàn)性，而教育往往能帶來(lái)意外的發(fā)現(xiàn)。 它既包括在學(xué)校所受的正規(guī)教育，也包括一切非正規(guī)教育。 教育不受任何限制。 這種觀(guān)念中的上學(xué)與受教育之間的區(qū)別非常重要。s entire , on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their munities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling. 上學(xué)與受教育 在美國(guó)，人們通常認(rèn)為上學(xué)是為了受教育。 藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在于他們對(duì)音樂(lè)語(yǔ)言駕輕就熟，以致于 可以滿(mǎn)懷喜悅地演出寫(xiě)于任何時(shí)代的作品。 他們還 必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀(guān)的權(quán)威去控制這些音符。 但調(diào)音師們也有他們的難處：