【正文】 and work.By raising herds of animal such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horse and ox was used for working transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted into more efficient manufacture and construction.With better tools and machines work can be done with fewer people at much lower cost.The development of science and engineering has improved many things including munications.With understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to municate over long distances.Science and engineering breakthroughs are rapidly changing the way we live our lives.Science and engineering have changed the way we municate with each other.The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.The ability to raise herds of animals gave human a regular supply of meat and clothingDialogueM: I took a vocation last night.W: What are you talking about? Where did you take your vocation?M: I didn’t go anywhere. I just spent an evening without my smartphone.W: How was it?M: It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption. It was very peaceful. W:Yes, I haven’t done that in a long time.If someone is interrupted, they have to… stop what they are doing.What hasn’t she done in a long time? –She hasn’t spent time without her smartphone.What made the evening different? –He didn’t use his smartphone.M: You know what? I’m beginning to hate smartphones.W: Really? But you can’t live without one, right?M: Yes, that’s the problem. These things are changing the way people live.What can’t people live without? –People can’t live without smartphones.How does he feel about smartphones? –He’s beginning to hate them.W: Yes, I just saw a documentary about that. A husband was plaining to his wife that she was spending toomuch time on her smartphone.What happened to the couple? –They got a divorce.What was the wife spending too much time doing? –playing on her smartphone.M: It’s a bit ironic. Don’t you think? Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they are pullingpeople apart.W: Yes, you’re right.M: Hey, just a minute. I’ve got a message on my smartphone and it can’t wait.What do they think is ironic about smartphones? –Instead of bringing people together, they are pulling them apart.Boss: Hey, wake up and get back to work. What’s wrong with you?Employee: I’m on my break, sir. And I have a bad headache.Boss: Well, we’re not paying you to sleep. If you’re going to sleep, sleep someplace else. Employee:Yes, sir. Sorry. It won’t happen again.Boss: You had better not.How did the employee treat the manager? –respectfully.Employee: Just a minute. Don’t talk to me like that.Boss: What did you say?Employee: You hurt me. You don’t have to treat people like that.Boss: Well, if you don’t like it, I suggest you leave.Employee: OK, I will. I‘ve had enough of you. I’ll get a job somewhere else.How does the employee feel? –angry.Level 4 unit 2 part2ListeningThis man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple.It may be an apple and it may be an orange.It’s got to be one or the other.It can’t be anything else.What’s the probability that it’s a banana? –The probability is 0%.It may be an apple but it can’t be a banana.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view.From his point of view, the probabilities are different.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. That’s because he knows what he has.For him, there is no uncertainly.If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%.He either has it, or he doesn’t.From our point of view, what’s the probability that it’s an orange? 50%.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. Sothe probability depends on your point of view.What’s the probability that it’s a banana? –a 0% probability.The probability depends on your point of view, or how much you know.People see things from different points of view. This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.He needs to relax because he has been working too hard. He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.If his wife shouts at him and tells him to get up and do something… he may shout back and refuse to help her.His wife sees things differently.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house. Itisn’t fair that she had to work while he does nothing.If he gets up and helps her… She may not appreciate his help.From the husband’s point of view, what’s he doing? –He is relaxing.When people see things from different points of view, they often e to different conclusions. These differences can cause real munication problems.People often argue with each other because they see things from a different point of view.VocabularyEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth.When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse, and people ca