【正文】 Analysis Exercise ? Ratio: ROA 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Corporations ? What are some advantages? separate legal existence limited liability of stockholders transferability of ownership relatively easy ? What are some disadvantages? taxes – possible double taxation extensive governmental regulation Ad vant ages169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Proprietorships 個(gè)體企業(yè) ?What are some advantages? total undivided authority no restrictions on type of business – must be legal 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Owners of a corporation are called shareholders (or stockholders). When a corporation issues only one class of stock, we call it capital stock. Corporation C 5 169。這個(gè)假設(shè)要求服裝店的會(huì)計(jì)賬簿反映出企業(yè)的現(xiàn)金比以前減少了 .. 169。 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin ? 所有者 Economic Entity (會(huì)計(jì)主體 ) 一家服裝店的所有者從店里的收銀機(jī)中取走了 100美元請(qǐng)客戶吃飯。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Principles of Accounting Now Future GoingConcern Principle Reflects assumption that the business will continue operating instead of being closed or sold. Cost Principle Accounting information is based on actual cost. Objectivity Principle Accounting information is supported by independent, unbiased evidence. C 5 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Financial accounting practice is governed by concepts and rules known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Relevant Information Affects the decision of its users. Reliable Information Is trusted by users. Comparable Information Is helpful in contrasting anizations. C 5 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Ethics, Fraud amp。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Integrity of Accounting Information Competence, Judgment and Ethical Behavior ?Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) ?Certificate in Management Accounting (CMA) ?Certificate in Internal Auditing (CIA) ?Code of Professional Conduct CPA 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Integrity of Accounting Information Institutional Features ?Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) ?Financial Accounting Standards Board ?Securities and Exchange Commission ?Internal Control Structure ?Audits ?一般公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)原則 ?財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì) ?證券交易委員會(huì) ?內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu) ?審計(jì) 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin 為明確決策權(quán)威、作出決策以及評(píng)價(jià)決策執(zhí)行效果提供信息 提供企業(yè)內(nèi)、外資源的信息，使之對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)過去的業(yè)績和判斷企業(yè)未來方向有用 Information useful to help the enterprise achieve its goal, objectives and mission. Objectives of Managerial Reporting 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Internal Users ? Board of Directors (董事會(huì) ) ? Chief Executive Officer ? Chief Financial Officer ? Vice Presidents ? Business Unit Managers ? Plant Managers ? Store Managers ? Line Supervisors 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Objectives of External Financial Reporting The primary financial statements. （對(duì)外報(bào)告財(cái)務(wù)信息是以披露基本財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的形式來實(shí)現(xiàn)） Ine Statement (利潤表 ) Balance Sheet (資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表 ) Statement of Cash Flows （現(xiàn)金流量表） 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin External Users C a s h F l o w P r o s p e c tsI n v e s to r s C r e d i to r sR e tu r n onI n v e s tm e n tP e r i o d i cd i v i d e n d s P e r i o d i c i n te r e s tR e tu r n ofI n v e s tm e n tS a l e o f o w n e r s h i pa t a f u tu r e d a teR e p a y m e n t o fl o a n a t a f u tu r ed a teThe primary external users of financial information are investors and creditors. 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Users of Accounting Information External Users ?Lenders ?Shareholders ?Governments ?Consumer Groups ?External Auditors ?Customers Internal Users ?Managers ?Officers/Directors ?Internal Auditors ?Sales Staff ?Budget Officers ?Controllers C 2 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Importance of Accounting: Language of Business Identifies Records Communicates Relevant Reliable Comparable Accounting is a system that information that is to help users make better decisions. C1 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin 企業(yè)活動(dòng)概述 企業(yè) 1. 所有者投資 2. 所有者撤資 8. 支付現(xiàn)金 或提供服務(wù) 3. 貸款 4. 歸還貸款 6. 支付工資、 產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)款項(xiàng) 所有者 雇員和供應(yīng)商 顧 客 債權(quán)人 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Objectives ? Conceptual Chapter Objectives ? Analytical Chapter Objectives ? Procedural Chapter Objectives 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Information Economics ? Information Asymmetry 信息不對(duì)稱 ? Moral Hazard Problem 道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Why Accounting? ? Hong Kong Stock Exchange (0388) 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Accounting Information and Stock Price ? Best Buy Co. Inc ? Fiscal Quarter (Feb,11 – May, 10, 2022) ? Quarterly Earnings Announcement: June 15, 2022 ? Consensus EPS: $ ? Reported EPS: $ ? Surprise (28%) 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Misconception Accounting is Bookkeeping? Bookkeeping is the clerical side of accounting—the recording of routine transactions and daytoday record keeping. Professional accountants are involved more with the interpretation and use of accounting information than with its actual preparation. 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc., 2022 McGrawHill/Irwin Funda