【正文】 back to before 2000 bc. Archaeologists have found the remains of a city and evidence of a possible link between Indian and Sumerian cultures.Khasekhemwy哈謝海姆威Hammurabi漢莫拉比HammurabiGallia),designation of a narrow strip of territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, now largely in modern Lebanon.Vada吠陀GCambyses II岡比西斯二世Cambyses II (reigned 530522 bc), king of Persia, son of Cyrus the Great, whom he succeeded. In order to maintain control over the Persian Empire, Cambyses had his younger brother, Smerdis (died about 523 bc), murdered. Gaul高盧Gaul later that year he seized the throne for himself.Philistines腓力斯丁人Philistines, highly civilized inhabitants of the coastal region of Palestine. They lived, from some time in the 12th century bc, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, to the southwest of Judea (a part of what is now the West Bank), from Ekron toward Egypt. Phoenicia腓尼基Phoenicia, Romanian Dun?rea。 Hungarian Duna。 German Donau。 according to modern scholarship, 540?468? bc), 24th and most recent tirthankara (fordmaker) of Jainism, a religion of India. The term fordmaker is applied in the sense of founder to the prophets of the Jain tradition. Although there is some evidence that Mahavira (Great Hero) was the reformer of an earlier form of Jain practice associated with the 23rd tirthankara, Parshva, Western scholars consider Mahavira to be the founder of Jainism as a major historical religious tradition.Diocletian戴克里先Diocletian (245313), emperor of Rome (284305), who reformed the administrative machinery of the empire, introducing the twotiered system of augusti and caesars.Demosthenes德摩斯梯尼Demosthenes (384322 bc), greatest orator of ancient Greece, who led the Athenian opposition to Macedonia. Democritus德謨克里特Democritus (460?370? bc), Greek philosopher, who developed the atomic theory of the universe, which had been originated by his mentor, the philosopher Leucippus.Thebes (Egypt)底比斯Thebes (Egypt) (Egyptian Weset or Newt), ancient city and, for many centuries, capital of ancient Egypt, on both sides of the Nile River, about 725 km (about 450 mi) south of presentday Cairo. It is partly occupied today by the modern towns of Al Karnak and Luxor. It was named Thebes by the Greeks, who knew it also as Diospolis (“heavenly city”)。 he pretended to be Smerdis (died about 523 bc), the murdered brother of Cambyses II. In 522, Darius defeated Gaumata and was chosen king of Persia.TaYuehchih大月氏David大衛(wèi)David (king) (?961 bc), king (1000961 bc) of Judah and Israel, founder of the Judean dynasty. Several accounts of his acplishments occur in the Old Testament, chiefly in the books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles.Bactria（TaHia大夏）Bactria, ancient country in Central Asia。fornnisos, the southern half of Greece, where Sparta’s influence was paramount. The term Peloponnesian War therefore implies that it was an Athenian war against the Peloponnesians. But from a Spartan point of view it was the Attic War, that is, a war against Athens, whose territory was called Attica. The Spartans eventually won the war, but only with financial help from the Persians of the Achaemenid Empire.Pericles伯利克里（伯里克利）Pericles (495? bc 429? bc), Athenian statesman, so influential in Athenian history that the period of his power is called the Age of Pericles.CTsungling蔥嶺（ps：Tsungzhou 宗周）DDavidians達羅毗荼人Dasas達撒瓦爾納Mahayana Buddhism大乘佛教Mahayana Buddhismconflicts history concerned with the ancient Persian Empire until the Arab conquest in the 7th century ad. For later history, as well as other information on the modern countryPeloponnesian War伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭Peloponnesian War,European designation of the country now known as Iran. This name was in general use in the West until 1935, although the Iranians themselves had long called their country Iran. For convention39。mos by his disgust for the tyranny of Polycrates. About 530 bc Pythagoras settled in Crotona, a Greek colony in southern Italy, where he founded a movement with religious, political, and philosophical aims, known as Pythagoreanism. The philosophy of Pythagoras is known only through the work of his disciples.Poseidon波塞冬Poseidon, in Greek mythology, god of the sea, the son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, and the brother of Zeus and Hades. Poseidon was the husband of Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, by whom he had a son, Triton. Poseidon had numerous other love affairs, however, especially with nymphs of springs and fountains, and was the father of several children famed for their wildness and cruelty, among them the giant Orion and the Cyclops Polyphemus. Poseidon and the Gorgon Medusa were the parents of Pegasus, the famous winged horse.Persia波斯Persia, it recounts his genealogy and conquests. By 1846 the British Assyriologist Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson deciphered the Persian part of the inscription. As a result of this achievement, the parallel columns of the Behistun Inscription were deciphered and became the key to deciphering other ancient Elamite and Assyrian writings.Pythagoras畢達哥拉斯Pythagoras (582?500?bc), Greek philosopher and mathematician, whose doctrines strongly influenced Plato. Born on the island of S225。Arabsthe Roman Empire, which survived after the breakup of the Western Empire in the 5th century ad. Its capital was Constantinople (now ?stanbul, Turkey).Bedouins貝都因人Bedouins,part Old Persian Babirush), ancient country of Mesopotamia, known originally as Sumer and later as Sumer and Akkad, lying between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, south of modern Baghdād, Iraq.Plato柏拉圖Plato (428?347 bc), Greek philosopher, one of the most creative and influential thinkers in Western philosophy.Byzantine拜占庭Byzantine Empire,(BabylonianBābilim or Babil, “gate of God”), one of the most important cities of the ancient world, whose location today is marked by a broad area of ruins just east of the Euphrates