張志富英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)用規(guī)則與交-文庫(kù)吧資料
2025-01-19 23:00本頁(yè)面
【正文】 ee, sorry, Hehh, Un,等詞語(yǔ)、停頓或口氣表示遲疑、否定、拒絕，都是不合意應(yīng)答的標(biāo)志。 前系列 ? 1) A: What are you doing this afternoon? (preinvitation) ? B: Nothing important. Why? ? A: Would you like to e with us to have tea late this afternoon? ? B: That would be nice. ? 2） A: Are you going out tomorrow? (prerequest) ? B: No, not really. ? A: Are you using your bike then? ? B: No. do you want to use it? ? A: Yes, if you are not using it. 前系列 ? 3) A: Are you busy? (=prerequest) ? B: Not really. (=go ahead) ? A: Check over this memo. (=request) ? B: Okay. (=accept) ? 4) A: Are you busy? (=prerequest) ? B: Oh, sorry. (=stop) ? 6) A: Are you doing anything later?(=preinvitation) ? B: Oh,yeah. Busy, busy, busy. (=stop) ? B: Oh, okay. (=stop) Preferred second parts合意應(yīng)答 ? 人們?cè)诒磉_(dá)評(píng)價(jià)、邀請(qǐng)、建議、請(qǐng)求、主動(dòng)幫助等意愿時(shí)，總是期待對(duì)方給予肯定、接受、贊同的應(yīng)答。中國(guó)人有時(shí)會(huì)突然結(jié)束談話，英美人基本都有過(guò)渡性話語(yǔ)。 ? 例三．我爸是警察 這一話語(yǔ)的三個(gè)行為如下 ? 言內(nèi)行為：父親的職業(yè)； ? 言外行為：你敢搶我？； ? 言后行為：逃離，或者更兇。 Speech act theory: ? Language is not only used to inform or describe things, it is often used to ―do things‖, to perform acts. The verbs are called performance verbs, and the sentences are called performance sentences, in which ―hereby‖ can be inserted. Eg. ? I hereby name this ship Red Flag. ? I bet you five dollars it will snow tomorrow. ? I apologize. ? I promise to be here at nine. ? I formally divorce you. ? I testify that she saw the accident. ? I know that she saw the accident. 言語(yǔ)行為 ? 奧斯丁將言語(yǔ)行為分為 3部分： ? 言內(nèi)行為 Locutionary act：言語(yǔ)行為所包含的言語(yǔ)的基本內(nèi)容 the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.； ? 言外行為 Illocutionary act：言語(yǔ)之外的信息和功能，即言外之意 the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence.； ? 言后行為 Perlocutionary act：言語(yǔ)行為產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響 the effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence.。英國(guó)哲學(xué)家?jiàn)W斯丁 (J L. Austin) 認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言的作用不僅是傳遞語(yǔ)義上的信息，還傳遞它的行為信息。 ? 再看下面三句對(duì)話： ? A: That’s the telephone. ? B: I’m in the bath. ? A: OK. 2. Indirect speech ? 1） X: Let’s go to the movie tonight. ? Y: I have to study for a test. ? Requests are often performed indirectly. ? 2） Do you want to type this letter for me now? ? 3） Is that your coat on the floor? ? It can be a question. ? It can be a request. ? It can be a criticism. 間接語(yǔ)言行為 ? 4） Today is Sunday. ? It may mean that we should go sightseeing. ? It may mean that it is a day when you do the washing. ? 5） Husband: It’s getting late, dear. ? Wife: ( 1) It’s only 11:30, darling. ? (2) But I’m having such fun. ? (3) Do you want to go? ? (4) Aren’t you enjoying yourself? 3. 得體性 (appropriateness) ? It refers to a linguistic variety or form which is considered suitable or possible in a given social situation. ? 同學(xué)之間寫信 ? I’d appreciate it if you wrote me an earlier reply. 正確，但是不得體 ? I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon. 正確，
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