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of all ischemic strokes ? Overall risk of stroke among nonanticoagulated patients without prior stroke or TIA: 4% per year 8 ? Increased risk of stroke in patient: ? Age, hypertension, prior TIA or stroke, DM, woman ? Both oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents have proven effective for stroke prevention in most patients at high risk for vascular events ? Aspirin: modest effect ? Adjusteddose warfarin :larger effect, INR: 2~3 ? Guideline: ? Adjusteddose warfarin for high risk for stroke ? Aspirin: for low risk or for cannot safely received adjusted dose warfarin 9 Objective ? Nonvalvular atrial fibr