【正文】 rim39。s essays to be his favorite reading, dwelt upon the transcendentalists39。 the publication of the transcendentalist literary and philosophical journal, The Dial and the establishment of an experiment in utopian munal living, Brook Farm. One thing almost all those associated with the movement did share, however, was a mon heritage of Unitarianism. Perhaps more than anything else, this fact helps to explain the development of transcendentalism and its later and larger significance for American culture. The transcendentalists broke with Unitarianism for two reasons. First, they objected to the Unitarian desire to cling to certain particulars of Christian history and dogma. Emerson called this clinging a noxious exaggeration of the personal, the positive, the ritual, and he asked instead for a direct access to God, unmediated by any elements of Scripture and tradition. And second, the transcendentalists lamented the sterility of belief and practice they found in the Unitarian faith. According to Thoreau, it is not man39。s sake. One of his short stories, Never Bet the Devil Your Head, is a clear attack on transcendentalism, which the narrator calls a disease. The story specifically mentions the movement and its flagship journal The Dial, though Poe denied that he had any specific targets. Transcendentalists were strong believers in the power of the 內(nèi)江師范學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文 8 individual and divine messages. Their beliefs are closely linked with those of the Romantics. The movement directly influenced the growing movement of Mental Sciences of the mid 1800s which would later bee known as the New Thought movement. New Thought draws directly from the transcendentalists, particularly Emerson. New Thought considers Emerson its intellectual father. Emma Curtis Hopkins the teacher of teachers, Ernest Holmes, founder of Religious Science, The Fillmores, founders of Unity, and Malinda Cramer and Nona L. Brooks, the founders of Divine Science, were all greatly influenced by Transcendentalism. B. Some Important Comments on Transcendentalism Transcendentalism is an idealistic philosophy that in general emphasizes the spiritual over the material. By its very nature, the movement is hard to describe and its body of beliefs hard to define. Its most important practitioner and spokesman in the New England manifestation, Ralph Waldo Emerson, called it the saturnalia or excess of faith. which is popularly called transcendentalism among us, he wrote, is idealism。 group in American cultivation.1 Transcendentalism was rooted in the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant (and of German Idealism more generally), which the New England intellectuals of the early 19th century embraced as an alternative to the Lockean sensualism of their fathers and of the Unitarian church, finding the alternative in Vedic thought, German idealism, and English Romanticism. The transcendentalists desired to ground their religion and philosophy in transcendental principles: principles not based on or falsifiable by, sensuous experience, but deriving from the inner, spiritual or mental essence of the human. Immanuel Kant had called all knowledge transcendental which is concerned not with objects but with our mode of knowing objects. The transcendentalists were largely unacquainted with German philosophy in the original, and relied primarily on the writings of Thomas Carlyle, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Victor Cousin, Germaine de Stael, and other English and French mentators for their knowledge of it. In contrast, they were intimately familiar with the English Romantics, and the transcendental movement may be partially described as a slightly later, American outgrowth of Romanticism. Another major influence was the mystical spiritualism of Emanuel Swedenb. Thoreau in Walden spoke of the debt to the Vedic thought directly, as did other members of the movement. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a novel, The Blithedale Romaine (1852), satirizing the movement, and based it on his experiences at Brook Farm, a shortlived utopian munity founded on transcendental principles. Edgar Allan Poe had a deep dislike for transcendentalism, calling its followers Frogpondians after the pond on Boston Common. He ridiculed their writings in particular by calling them metaphorrun, lapsing into obscurity for obscurity39。 Divine Soul which also inspires all men. Emerson closed the essay by calling for a revolution in human consciousness to emerge from the new idealist philosophy In the same year, transcendentalism became a coherent movement with the founding of the Transcendental Club in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on September 8, 1836, by prominent New England intellectuals including Gee Putnam, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Frederick Henry Hedge. From 1840, the group published frequently in their journal The Dial, along with other venues. The movement was originally termed Transcendentalists as a pejorative term, suggesting their position was beyond sanity and reason. The practical aims of the transcendentalists were varied。s 1836 essay Nature is usually taken to be the watershed moment at which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement. Emerson wrote in his speech The American Scholar: We will walk on our own feet。 the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual39。 core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 39。s Boys (1886). Little Women has been adapted to play, musical, opera, film, and animated feature. Some scholars have studied about images in Little Women. They lay particular emphasis on selfdependence and selfdiscipline in Little Women (許綺， 2020： 122). From the studies, we can find out that different personalities reflect different outlooks on value and life. The studies only describe what the female images in Little Women, while this thesis is to attempts to read this nov