【正文】 isplay terminal) is connected to the puter. The puter can be a personal puter serving only one user or a large puter that serves a number of users through terminals connected by munication lines. The user inputoutput device permits direct input of data and immediate output of results. For instance, a person using the puter interactively in financial planning poses “what if” questions by entering input at the terminal keyboard。 models for analysis planning, control and decision making。 it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, usermachine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decisionmaking functions in an organization. The system utilizes puter hardware and software。is data Independence. , as stated earlier. Means that applicant programs and user queries need not recognizant?physical organization of data on secondary storage. The importance of this aspect, particularly for the personal puter user, is that this greatly simplifies database usage. The user can store, access and manipulate data at a high level (close to the application) and be totally shielded from the low level (close to the machine) details of data organization. We will not discuss details of specific PC DBMS software packages here． Let us summarize in the following the strengths and weaknesses of personal puter database software systems： The most obvious positive factor is the user friendliness of the software. A user with no prior puter background would be able to use the system to store personal and professional data, retrieve and perform relayed processing. The user should, of course, satiety himself about the quality of software and the freedom from errors (bugs) so that investmerits in data arc protected. For the programmer implementing applications with them, the advantage lies in the support for applications development in terms of input screen generations, output report generation etc． offered by theses stems． The main negative point concerns absence of data protection features． Unless encrypted, data cane accessed by whoever has access to the machine Data can be destroyed through mistakes or maliciousintent. The second weakness of manv of the PCbasedsystems is that of performance. If data volumes growup to a few thousands of records， performance couldbe a bottleneck． For organization where growth in data volumesis expected, availability of, the same or patiblesoftware on large machines should be considered. This is one of the most mon misconceptionsabout database management systems that are used inpersonal puters． Thoroughly prehensive andsophisticated business systems can be developed indBASh, Paradox and other DBMSs． However, theyare created by experienced programmers using theDBMS39。 在不同的情況下，當(dāng)管理人員可以使用交互式的對(duì)話建立一個(gè)計(jì)劃或者通過(guò)幾個(gè)決定選擇重復(fù)敘述，模型一般是最有效的 。相似的模型可以用來(lái)計(jì)劃和控制。 換句話說(shuō)，面對(duì)各種各樣的決策情況需要多種的方法。模型可以被用來(lái)辨認(rèn)和分析可能的解決方案。 決定模型可以在決策過(guò)程中被用來(lái)支持不同的階段。這樣，數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)的處理建立于決策模型。 對(duì)接受人來(lái)說(shuō)只接收原始數(shù)據(jù)或者甚至是總結(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)都是不夠的。用過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)的集成要求數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的一個(gè)中央集權(quán)。當(dāng)使用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的所有途徑都是通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)被控制，所有應(yīng)用都利用一個(gè)特殊數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)來(lái)存取被存放在唯一一個(gè)地方的相同的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)。數(shù)據(jù)的管理包括軟件和組織。因此數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)目是生產(chǎn)出信息的原料。 術(shù)語(yǔ) “信息 ”和 “數(shù)據(jù) ”經(jīng)常互換的被使用 。分開(kāi)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是一種機(jī)制，這種機(jī)制的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)是通過(guò)橫跨許多應(yīng)用來(lái)集成和對(duì)不同的用戶都可以始終一致的可利用。集成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能規(guī)定設(shè)備的選擇與中央數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)一致。這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和程序的執(zhí)行允許不同的應(yīng)用分享數(shù)據(jù)，應(yīng)付審核和控制條件，和被廣泛用戶共享。其實(shí)，信息系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計(jì)成為小型系統(tǒng)的一個(gè) 飛行聯(lián)盟。 信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用集成的第一步是一個(gè)整體信息系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃。當(dāng)實(shí)際上一個(gè)單獨(dú)的應(yīng)用可以提供超過(guò)一個(gè)的更多的服務(wù)時(shí)，也許是分別的應(yīng)用重復(fù)的發(fā)展了。如果沒(méi)有集成的處理和機(jī)制，各自的應(yīng)用也許無(wú)法協(xié)調(diào)一致和相容。 管理信息系統(tǒng)代表性地為集成組織信息處理提供依據(jù)。 信息系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用不應(yīng)該要求用戶成為計(jì)算機(jī)專家。 “計(jì)算機(jī)為主 ”意味著管理信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)者必須擁有計(jì)算機(jī)和對(duì)處理有用的知識(shí)。例如：一個(gè)人使用計(jì)算機(jī)交互的在金融理財(cái)上通過(guò)在終端鍵盤輸入提交 “如果什么，怎么辦？ ”之類的問(wèn)題 ，結(jié)果幾秒鐘后便被顯示在屏幕上。計(jì)算機(jī)可以使一臺(tái)個(gè)人機(jī)器服務(wù)于一名用戶或者一臺(tái)大規(guī)模的機(jī)器為一定數(shù)量通過(guò)終端由通信線路連接的用戶服務(wù)。因?yàn)樵S多問(wèn)題，用戶和計(jì)算機(jī)建立了一個(gè)聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)，其結(jié)果通過(guò)一套在計(jì)算機(jī)和用戶之間的相互作用得到。用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)的概念暗示了 , 一些任務(wù)最好由人執(zhí)行 , 其他的最好由 機(jī)器做。 理論上，管理信息系統(tǒng)可以脫離計(jì)算機(jī)上而存在，但是計(jì)算機(jī)的存在可以讓管理信息系統(tǒng)可行。事實(shí)上，它是一個(gè)集成系統(tǒng)并不意味著它是單一的，單塊集成結(jié)構(gòu)；相反，它意味著零件適合加入整體設(shè)計(jì)。 一個(gè)管理信息系統(tǒng)的定義，通常被理解 為：一種集成用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)，為組織提供信息支持運(yùn)作、管理、決策職能。一些作者喜歡用其他術(shù)語(yǔ)代替，例如： “信息處理系統(tǒng) ”“信息與決策系統(tǒng) ”“組織信息系統(tǒng) ”，或者干脆將 “信息系統(tǒng) ”用組織內(nèi)具有支持操作、管理、決策職能的計(jì)算機(jī)信息處理系統(tǒng)代替。第三個(gè)方向是對(duì)語(yǔ)義進(jìn)行研究并執(zhí)行描述一大批物體和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的構(gòu)圖。鑒于對(duì)文本的每一個(gè)單方而有許多似乎可行的選擇這一事實(shí)，這可能是唯一可行的方法。 從廣義上說(shuō)，在文本的研究和發(fā)展方面有三個(gè)方向。對(duì)于數(shù)