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【正文】 of thinking for both developers and customers. This facilitates understanding the problem doma in and a more natura l design. In addition, there are many benefits of object oriented development. These include: ? I nh er it anc e c ap it a lize s o n the co mmo na lty o f a tt r ibut es an d s e r v ic e s a llo w in g c o d e a n d objects to be reused. .I n f o r m a t i o n h i d i n g m a k e s s y s t e m s m o r e s t a b l e b y l o c a l i z i n g c h a n ge s t o o b j e c t s a n d thereby making them reusable. .T h e o b j e c t o r i e n t e d d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s i s c o n s i s t e n t f r o m a n a ly s i s , t h r o u gh d e s ig n , to cod in g . More information on Object Oriented Programming principles can be found in Chapter 4Organization of Programming Languages and Programming Concepts. 2 、 P rototyping Prototyping was invented because end users participating in the development phase found it difficu lt to understand requirement specificat ions and conceptual models. How ever, when it first began being used in the 1980s, most conventional life cycle developers considered it expensive and time consuming. S ince th at t im e, user s and dev e lop ers ha ve used p roto type s succe ssfu lly as a munications tool to demonstrate system requirements. After several prototype iterations, developers have a better understanding of user requirements and users have a better idea of how the system will eventually work, look, and l. The number of t ime s the pr ototype is incremen ta lly re f ined depen ds on 5 how well the user requ irements and unders tood. It also depends on the user s need to add requ iremen ts or chan ge p rev ious ly st ate d req u ir ement s. Aft e r estab lis h in g an o vera ll a rch itec tur e and fram ewor k, the system is de ve lope d and deliver ed in incremen ts . Users may e xper iment w ith and use delivere d in cremen ts wh ile othe rs are b e in g d eve lop ed. For in stanc e, the f irs t prototype may be delivered t ha t im p le m en t s a c e rt a in s c re e n w it h o n l y so m e ac t iv e m e nu it e ms . Wh i le us e r s a re expe r imen t in g w ith th is sc ree n and menu items, other sc reens and menu items are conc urren t ly be in g developed which later will be bined with the existing prototype as it evolve s. On c e t h e u s e r is s at is f ie d t h at t h e p r ot o t yp e m e e ts r eq u ir e me n ts , th e pr o to t yp e is transformed into the syst em. T h is effort depends on sever a l factors. It may include adding f un ct ion a lit y t ha t wa sn39。 s p le x in fo rma t ion sy st ems. As the demand for software is growing much faster than the number of developers, adhering to conventional techniques such as the waterfall method requires too much time, too many people, and is difficult to manage. Hence, man
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