【正文】 er act. If I look at the one, I will.amp。 and Mother Teresa said, amp。A single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic,amp。] But in general, stories can turn anonymous strangers into people who matter, and the idea that we care about people when we focus on them as individuals is an idea which has shown up across history. So Stalin apocryphally said, amp。Help! Mom! There Are Liberals under My Bed!amp。] If you are conservative and have a different attitude, you might give them a book like this. (Laughter) [amp。Heather Has Two Mommiesamp。s empathy, and we often do that through stories. So if you are a liberal parent and you want to encourage your children to believe in the merits of nontraditional families, you might give them a book like this. [amp。s emotional responses, to appeal to peopleamp。
　　So now that we know about this, how do we bat it? And there are different avenues. One avenue is to appeal to peopleamp。在斯坦福的一個(gè)研究項(xiàng)目也表明，心理學(xué)家研究了 因謀殺白人而被判刑的罪犯。同樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)也包括銷售棒球卡。在最近的一個(gè)研究中，研究人員在易趣(eBay)網(wǎng)站上投放廣告銷售籃球卡。39。但人們回應(yīng)，當(dāng)然，因?yàn)槟w色的原因。美國(guó)”。麥凱恩是一個(gè)著名的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)英雄，很多人明確地說(shuō)道 比起奧巴馬，麥凱恩有更多的美國(guó)故事。美國(guó)”。 在2020年美國(guó)大選前有個(gè)極好的研究，社會(huì)心理學(xué)家研究被測(cè)者們是如何通過(guò)對(duì)美國(guó)國(guó)旗不知不覺的聯(lián)系和美國(guó)聯(lián)系在一起的。因此時(shí)常他們是理性的，有幫助的，但時(shí)常也會(huì)是非理性的，會(huì)給出錯(cuò)誤的答案，有時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致不道德的后果。39。39。39。39。39。極端的例子通過(guò)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)展現(xiàn)，外群體不是被輕視而是被不當(dāng)作人類對(duì)待， 如同納粹視猶太人為害蟲或是虱子，美國(guó)人視日本人為老鼠。t merely given less, but dehumanized, as in the Nazi perspective of Jews as vermin or lice, or the American perspective of Japanese as rats.
　　這樣群體內(nèi)外分別非常常見。(笑聲)
　　We see this sort of ingroup, outgroup psychology all the time. We see it in political clashes within groups with different ideologies. We see it in its extreme in cases of war, where the outgroup isnamp。問(wèn)題是，這樣的喜好差別 會(huì)影響到幼兒們對(duì)待玩偶的態(tài)度嗎?確實(shí)有很大影響。另個(gè)玩偶更愛全麥餅干。維恩，在耶魯大學(xué)做了一系列有關(guān)嬰兒的研究她將幼兒放在玩偶旁邊，玩偶有它們各自喜愛的食物。
　　This bias seems to show up very early. So my colleague and wife, Karen Wynn, at Yale has done a series of studies with babies where she exposes babies to puppets, and the puppets have certain food preferences. So one of the puppets might like green beans. The other puppet might like graham crackers. They test the babies own food preferences, and babies typically prefer the graham crackers. But the question is, does this matter to babies in how they treat the puppets? And it matters a lot. They tend to prefer the puppet who has the same food tastes that they have, and worse, they actually prefer puppets who punish the puppet with the different food taste. (Laughter)
　　偏愛很快就展現(xiàn)出來(lái)。但他發(fā)現(xiàn)，這樣的類別劃分是有作用的，隨后，他讓這些青少年分配錢，他們更愿意將金錢給予 他們本組的其他人而不是另一個(gè)組別的人。他們甚至還未聽說(shuō)過(guò) 這兩位藝術(shù)家的大名。這完全是胡編的?？刀ㄋ够裕?你喜愛康定斯基的作品，你是克利迷，你喜愛克利的畫作。我看過(guò)你的答案，基于你的回答，我決定你是”。為了繼續(xù)研究，他做了一系列的經(jīng)典研究有關(guān)英國(guó)青少年。泰吉弗爾拒絕這樣的解釋。他的職業(yè)開始于發(fā)覺當(dāng)絕大多數(shù)人思考大屠殺是錯(cuò)誤的 采取了怎樣的方法?？贪逵∠蟪梢姟?。他幫助戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)孤兒。
　　事實(shí)上，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束的時(shí)候，他被釋放了， 絕大多數(shù)他的親友都死亡了。 他離開家鄉(xiāng)去法國(guó)上大學(xué)，因?yàn)樗仟q太人，無(wú)法在波蘭接受大學(xué)教育，隨后在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)他應(yīng)募入伍加入法軍。泰吉弗爾研究的一個(gè)部分。39。quot。quot。 he told half of them 。quot。39。quot。39。但是，即便如此，你仍然會(huì)接受群體可以以朋友和家人來(lái)做劃分， 那些與你更親近的人們甚至你也會(huì)做一個(gè)劃分區(qū)別我們和他們。re close to, and so even you make a distinction between us versus them.
　　一些人會(huì)反對(duì)這種說(shuō)法。
　　Now some of you may reject this. Some of you may be so cosmopolitan that you think that ethnicity and nationality should hold no moral sway. But even you sophisticates accept that there should be some pull towards the ingroup in the domain of friends and family, of people youamp。不談?wù)蝺A向，很多人對(duì)他們美國(guó)人的身份感到自豪，他們偏愛美國(guó)多于其他國(guó)家。布魯姆：這個(gè)臺(tái)上的每個(gè)人同意她問(wèn)題的前提，這個(gè)前提就是作為美國(guó)人，我們應(yīng)該將更多的關(guān)注給予本國(guó)人民而不是其他人民。庫(kù)柏：州長(zhǎng)佩里，請(qǐng)您解答?
　　里克。為什么我們要持續(xù)為其他國(guó)家提供援助呢?此時(shí)我們需要這些援助使用在本國(guó)人身上。庫(kù)柏：?jiǎn)柎饡r(shí)間，觀眾提問(wèn)，有關(guān)對(duì)外援助?有請(qǐng)這位女士。s。am.
　　Woman: The American people are suffering in our country right now. Why do we continue to send foreign aid to other countries when we need all the help we can get for ourselves?
　　AC: Governor Perry, what about that?
　　Rick Perry: Absolutely, I think itamp。
　　Anderson Cooper: Gets to your question, the question in the hall, on foreign aid? Yes, maamp。我們公開承認(rèn)。有時(shí)候，我們將世界劃分為我們對(duì)抗他們，內(nèi)群體對(duì)抗外群體，有時(shí)當(dāng)我們這么做的時(shí)候， 我們知道我們正在犯錯(cuò)誤，我們甚至?xí)行M愧?！薄Ｈ绻麤](méi)有偏見和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的幫助，我將無(wú)法找到穿越房間的路。事實(shí)上，哈茲里特后來(lái)在他的佳作中 對(duì)此評(píng)論做出了讓步。但在大多數(shù)情況下，我們對(duì)此很擅長(zhǎng)。
　　我們可能是錯(cuò)的。定義”。我們對(duì)這些事非常擅長(zhǎng)。你看著我，你知道我的名字，以及一些關(guān)于我的事情，你可以做出一定的判斷。成見”。39。39。39。quot。Without the aid of prejudice and custom, I should not be able to find my way my across the room。t survive. And in fact, Hazlitt later on in his wonderful essay concedes this. He writes, amp。t able to make guesses about new instances that we encounter, we wouldnamp。t able to do so, if we werenamp。re good at this. For the most part, we make good guesses both in the social domain and the nonsocial domain, and if we werenamp。t bark. But for the most part, weamp。s a specific instance of a more general process, which is that we have experience with things and people in the world that fall into categories, and we can use our experience to make generalizations about novel instances of these categories. So everybody here has a lo