【正文】
如果菲利普斯曲線相對比較平坦,則降低通貨膨脹率就要以較高的失業(yè)率和產(chǎn)出損失為代價(jià);而如果菲利普斯曲線比較陡峭,則失業(yè)率的小幅上升就會(huì)帶來通貨膨脹率的快速下降,代價(jià)較小。但是降低通貨膨脹的代價(jià)并沒有這么簡單,它往往伴隨失業(yè)率的提高。Society Faces a ShortRun Tradeoff Between Inflation and inflation often causes a temporary rise in tradeoff is crucial for understanding the shortrun effects of changes in taxes, government spending and monetary :當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長過快時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)通貨膨脹。降低通貨膨脹往往伴隨著失業(yè)率的暫時(shí)上升。就像某人在1922年初擁有一張價(jià)值3億元的德國債券,那么兩年之后,他用這么多錢就會(huì)連一小塊糖也買不到。Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much a government creates large quantities of the nation’s money, the value of the money a result, prices increase, requiring more of the same money to buy goods and :表現(xiàn)為通貨膨脹。當(dāng)一個(gè)政府發(fā)行了大量該國貨幣,貨幣的價(jià)值下跌。A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and whose workers produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time enjoy a high standard of , as a nation’s productivity grows, so does its average :用什么來解釋各國和不同時(shí)期中生活水平的巨大差別呢?為什么北美的生活水平高,而熱帶非洲的生產(chǎn)水平低?答案是幾乎所有生活水平的變動(dòng)都可以歸因于各國的技術(shù)狀況和各項(xiàng)知識(shí)差別。一個(gè)國家的工人單位時(shí)間內(nèi)能生產(chǎn)大量的商品和服務(wù),那么這個(gè)國家享受較高的生活水準(zhǔn)。Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market a market fails to allocate resources efficiently, the government can change the oute through public are regulations against monopolies and :環(huán)境是公共物品,在沒有政府的情況下,企業(yè)為追求自身最大利益,往往不顧對環(huán)境的破壞污染,這時(shí)便需要政府出面調(diào)解。當(dāng)一個(gè)市場不能有效配置資源,政府可以通過公共政策改變結(jié)果。Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic and firms that interact in market economies act as if they are guided by an “invisible hand” that leads the market to allocate resources opposite of this is economic activity that is organized by a central planner within the :在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中,一個(gè)行業(yè)的利潤比另一個(gè)行業(yè)高,資源會(huì)流向利潤高的行業(yè)。在市場中相互影響的家庭和企業(yè)實(shí)施行動(dòng),好像有一只看不見的手引導(dǎo)他們來達(dá)到資源的最優(yōu)配置。Trade Can Make Everyone Better allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does trading with others, people can buy a greater variety of goods or :A國技術(shù)較為發(fā)達(dá),B國勞動(dòng)力比較廉價(jià),兩國之間可以通過貿(mào)易來實(shí)現(xiàn)共贏,當(dāng)然落后國家要注意”比較優(yōu)勢陷阱“,積極實(shí)施趕超戰(zhàn)略。交易使每個(gè)人專攻于他或她最擅長的領(lǐng)域。People Respond to changes when costs or benefits :比如一個(gè)學(xué)生,如果老師在課堂上表揚(yáng)了他,他會(huì)感到很高興,然后會(huì)更加努力,也可能因受表揚(yáng)而驕傲退步。十大經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理四:人們會(huì)對激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)。Rational People Think at rational decisionmaker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal :“邊際量”是指某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)變量在一定的影響因素下發(fā)生的變動(dòng)量。十大經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理三:理性人考慮邊際量。開采者稱由于公園的門票收入幾乎 不受影響,因此金礦開采的成本很低。決策者必須要考慮其行為的顯性成本和隱性成本。同樣,政府用于生產(chǎn)公共品的資源越多,剩下的用于生產(chǎn)私人品的資源就越少;我們用來消費(fèi)的食品越多,則用來消費(fèi)的衣服就越少;學(xué)生用于學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間越多,那么用于休息的時(shí)間就越少。決策需要對目標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較。曼昆在《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理》一書中提出了十大經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,他們分別是:十大經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理一:人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍。原理十:社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期交替關(guān)系解讀:物價(jià)會(huì)刺激生產(chǎn),當(dāng)物價(jià)上漲了,短期內(nèi),就有更多的工作機(jī)會(huì),失業(yè)率就會(huì)下降。原理九:當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多貨幣時(shí),物價(jià)上升解讀:通貨膨脹,一斤米能夠一個(gè)人吃三天,這個(gè)價(jià)值是不變的??隙ㄊ荁蛋糕房的產(chǎn)量大,因?yàn)闄C(jī)器的幫助,B蛋糕房的人均產(chǎn)量就比A蛋糕房要多了,也就是生產(chǎn)率高于A。整體經(jīng)濟(jì)如何運(yùn)行。原理七:政府有時(shí)可