【正文】 goes go 。We were to have our class at 。was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形；was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形；was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形等結(jié)構(gòu)都可表達(dá)當(dāng)時(shí)一種未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖或打算。They knew that we would never permit such a 。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some ,他總是幫他媽媽干點(diǎn)家務(wù)活。t expect that we would all be 。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next ，她第二天要去歐洲旅行。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)常用于：A）賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中；B）表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；C）表示過(guò)去情況中的“愿望”、“傾向”，多用于否定句。由此可以看出，含這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的句子常帶一個(gè)表示“過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語(yǔ)。表示過(guò)去的某時(shí)以后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例句：I knew you would 。Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in ，這是我第一次在公共場(chǎng)合發(fā)言。I have heard nothing from him up to ?！咀ⅰ吭谝欢ǖ纳舷挛睦?，若是以過(guò)去時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)，也可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。(3)in [for, during] the past [last] ? years(在過(guò)去?年中)：In the past two years I’ve seen him 。(2)so far(到目前為止)：So far there has been no bad 。Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge e to $48? 從什么什候開始42元加5元的服務(wù)費(fèi)等于48元了?② 若不是指從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而是指從較遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去持續(xù)到在一個(gè)較近的過(guò)去，則用過(guò)去完成時(shí)：Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since 。如：He has joined the army for five years.（錯(cuò)誤）It has been five years since he joined the army.（正確）能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用詞語(yǔ)很多，如副詞just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：(1)since(自從)：不管用作介詞、連詞還是副詞, 句子(主句)謂語(yǔ)通常都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：I haven’t seen her since last 。，不可以和以for表示的“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用。另外，ago不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里，因?yàn)樗硎緩默F(xiàn)在算起的以前某個(gè)時(shí)間，屬于表示具體過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。4）關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)問(wèn)題“完成時(shí)態(tài)”都表示，不知道也不管動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間, 所以在使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里，不可以帶有表示具體過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如：yesterday , last week(month , year , etc.), two weeks ago , in 1999等；但常和有些副詞連用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , not?yet , always等等。He is being 。Be動(dòng)詞若是用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，可表示暫時(shí)、短暫的情況或表現(xiàn)。例如：I will not play tennis if it rains would not play tennis if it rained the next )有些動(dòng)詞表示無(wú)法持續(xù)的動(dòng)作，它們一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。）He has been speaking English since he came to the USA.（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性。）He is speaking English.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：He speaks English.（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的經(jīng)常性。ve only discussed the first five 。They have learned English for eight 。You have grown much 。They have developed a new 。We haven39。它主要適用于下面的幾種情況：1）表示截止現(xiàn)在業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作By now, I have collected all the data that I ，我已收集到了我所需的全部資料。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則只不過(guò)是表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的什么時(shí)候。那就是，這兩種時(shí)態(tài)描述的動(dòng)作都始于過(guò)去。We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few 。(現(xiàn)在我知道電影的內(nèi)容了。☆現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由 have 加動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，要將 have 改為 has。I had intended to speak, but time did not ，但時(shí)間不允許。如：She was very whole family were pleased with her, had just won the first in the position and 或 but 連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)；另外，在 before，after，as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。Where had he been?他去哪兒了？（答語(yǔ)中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”）五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：：過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間。m sorry to keep you ，讓你久等了。I had learned 1000 English words till 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能）四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have(has)+ 過(guò)去分詞”；過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。此時(shí)多與 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by，before，until 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。（主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”），表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。t seen each other since he went to 、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。、下文來(lái)判定。如：When I got to the station, the train had already he had finished his homework, he went to ： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（3）before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o39。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the had finished writing the position by 10 ：00 this 、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)概念：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去（pastinthepast）”。When the police arrived, the thieves had run ，小偷們?cè)缇团芰??！钸^(guò)去完成時(shí)由 had 加動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。We were hoping you would stay with 。用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，主要是為了使語(yǔ)氣委婉、客氣。We left there when it39。She told me that she was going to Hainan for her 。突然，一個(gè)人闖進(jìn)屋來(lái)，切斷了電源??3)（僅限少數(shù)動(dòng)詞）表示在過(guò)去的未來(lái)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)所描述的動(dòng)作是“正在進(jìn)行”，所以，在這種情景中用“過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)”可以給讀者一種“動(dòng)感”，從而能使文章更加生動(dòng)活潑。When I came to see her last time, she was writing an ，她正在寫一篇文章。也可能是通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表達(dá)這層意思。由于它的定義是表示在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，所以，句子常帶有一個(gè)表示“過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)均可表示將來(lái)，區(qū)別是：用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)，其計(jì)劃性較強(qiáng)，并往往暗示一種意圖；而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)，則其客觀性較強(qiáng)，即通常被視為客觀事實(shí)，多指按時(shí)刻表或規(guī)定要發(fā)生的情況：I’m not going out this 。Are you staying here till next week? 你要在這兒呆到下星期嗎？ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)，主要表示按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：I’m leaving 。An American professor is giving a lecture this 。例如：I39。Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us.（表示不喜歡）有些推銷員老是敲我家的門,向我們推銷他們的產(chǎn)品。She is often doing well at school.（表示滿意）她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)挺不錯(cuò)的。這時(shí)的動(dòng)作并不是正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，而是表示經(jīng)常性，相當(dāng)于“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”所描述的情況。例如：He is preparing for CET Band 。2）“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。She is writing her term 。它適用于下面的情況：1）“說(shuō)話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。(不滿)She’s always helping 。They’re having a party next 。I’m studying at an evening 。☆現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由 am/is/are 加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。如：We have a holiday 。We’re having a party next 。：主要表示按規(guī)定或時(shí)間預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的事。如：We are going to call her this 。如：The package is about to e 。You are to make the necessary 。1.“be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、傾向或必須、義務(wù)等。例如：Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下車嗎？The plane takes off at 11:00 。4)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（限于某些動(dòng)詞）表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事。B)You are not to bring any mobile munication means into the 。例如：A)The new bridge is to open to traffic in three 。Is he going to coll