【正文】
通常建議做細菌培養(yǎng)并作藥敏試驗,根據(jù)藥敏試驗的結果選用極度敏感藥物,這樣就避免了盲目性,而且也能收到良好的治療效果。之所以現(xiàn)在提出杜絕濫用抗生素此乃是原因之一??股乜梢允悄承┪⑸锷L繁殖過程中產生的一種物質,用于治病的抗生素除由此直接提取外;還有完全用人工合成或部分人工合成的。因此,在應用抗生素的同進應盡最大努力使病人全身狀況得到改善;采取各種綜合措施,以提高機體低抗能力,如降低病人過高的體溫;注意飲食和休息;糾正水、電解質和堿平衡失調;改善微循環(huán);補充血容量;以及處理原發(fā)性疾病和局部病灶等。8.顱腦術前1天應用抗生素;可預防感染?;虬磩?chuàng)面細菌和藥敏結果采用適當?shù)目股胤乐箶⊙Y的發(fā)生。5.結腸手術前采用卡那霉素,新霉素等作腸道準備。3.感染灶切除時,依治病菌的敏感性而選用適當?shù)目股?。(五)嚴格控制預防用抗生素的范圍在下列情況下可采用預防治療:1.風濕熱病人,定期采用青霉素G,以消滅咽部溶血鏈球菌,防止風濕熱復發(fā)。因此,除主要供局部用的抗生素如新霉素、桿菌肽外,其它抗生素特別是青霉素G的局部應用盡量避免。咽峽炎、上呼吸道感染者90%以上由病毒所引起,因此除能肯定為細菌感染者外,一般不采用抗生素。(三)病毒性或估計為病毒性感染的疾病不用抗生素??股氐瓤咕鷦┑囊志驓⒕饔?,主要是針對“細菌有而人(或其它高等動植物)沒有”的機制進行殺傷,有4大類作用機理:使用原則臨床應用抗生素時必須考慮以下幾個基本原則:(一)嚴格掌握適應證凡屬可用可不用的盡量不用;而且除考慮抗生素的抗菌作用的針對性外,還必須掌握藥物的不良反應和體內過程與療效的關系。而在經濟不發(fā)達地區(qū),則出現(xiàn)劑量不足、療程過短或使用假冒偽劣藥品等用藥不足的現(xiàn)象,使致病微生物沒能徹底殺來而產生耐藥性。我國濫用抗生素藥物現(xiàn)象嚴重據(jù)新華社信息,世界衛(wèi)生組織的一份調查報告顯示,我國住院患者抗生素藥物使用率高達80 % ,其中使用廣譜抗生素和聯(lián)合使用兩種以上抗生素的占58 % ,遠遠高于30 %的國際水平。, 特別是廣譜抗生素。隨意反復使用抗生素, 不但不能殺滅體內致病菌,而且容易使殘留的致病菌產生耐藥性。每日3 次, 即每8 小時服1 次, 而不是指在每日三頓飯時服用。、按規(guī)定間隔定時服藥。, 能用低級的就不用高級的。一些抗生素的有效率, 已經從20 年前的90%跌到現(xiàn)在的20%以下。目前已知天然抗生素不下萬種??股兀╝ntibiotics)是。但是長期使用抗生素是的細菌長生了耐藥性??股厥且活愑晌⑸铮ò毦?、真菌、放線菌屬)或高等動植物在生活過程中所產生的具有抗病原體或其它活性的一類次級代謝產物,能干擾其他生活細胞發(fā)育功能的化學物質。自1941年青霉素應用于臨床后,人們相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)了上萬種抗生素,有200余種抗生素應用于臨床。以這種方式作用的主要是人工合成的抗菌劑喹諾酮類(如氧氟沙星)。以這種方式作用的抗生素包括四環(huán)素類抗生素、大環(huán)內酯類抗生素、氨基糖苷類抗生素、氯霉素等。以這種方式作用的抗生素有多粘菌素和短桿菌肽等。哺乳動物的細胞沒有細胞壁,不受這類藥物的影響。, 如果發(fā)熱原因不明, 且無可疑細菌感染征 象者, 不宜使用抗生素。, 在經抗生素治療體溫正常后, 要及時停用抗生素。, 切忌隨意使用。如每日4 次, 即每6 小時服1 次。s permeability, open on the membrane the ion channel, let the bacterium interior the useful material leak off the mycelium or electrolyte balanced being out of balance with the bacterium ribosome or its response substrate, to suppress the protein mutually synthesis it is mean that the cell survival must the structure protein and the enzyme cannot the DNA’s copy and transcription of the though there are so many advantages of antibiotics there e out a phenomenon that as soon as we fall ill we will take many the bacteria have the drug super bacteria’s appear just was owing to the antibiotics’ other way, the antibiotics also have the adverse we always misusing the antibiotics maybe have an exactly opposite we must use the antibiotics we can use lower level antibiotics than we do not use the higher level should strictly according to what the doctor had the antibiotics in accordance with what the doctor had not taking the antibiotics off heat reason unclear not to be suitable uses the antibiotic except the condition to be seriously injured, and suspected highly for the bacterium infected person outside, gives off heat reason unclear not to be suitable uses the antibiotic In a word, antibiotic is a doubleedged we use it with reason there will be fewer misusing the antibiotic and if it continue in this way, we will e back to the situation that we do not have any antibiotics to use in 40 years in my opinion using antibiotics reasonable is , 能用低級的就不用高級的。停頓(問領導是否有交代)宣布散會第五篇:國際學術會議論文Description of the Antibiotics ShaoZengHua from Class Biology engineer 091 Abstract: Antibiotics is a kind of secondary metabolite that was produced by Microorganism or advanced flora and fauna is antiviral or have other can disturb other cell’s plays an important role in the people medical treatment using antibiotics for a long period of time lead to the bacteria e into being drug we need to know the harm of misusing the antibiotics besides we should use the antibiotics words: antibiotics, mechanism, the phenomenon of misusage, using with body: The typical example of antibiotics is penicillin discovery and the depuration are one