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He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意: be about to 不能與 tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式,表示將來。 ? 將來一般時(shí) ? ? 1) shall用于第一人稱,常被 will 所代替。 (表經(jīng)歷 ) 2) 用于 till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示 “ 做 …… 直到 …… ” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示 “ 到 …… ,才 …… ” He didn?t e back until ten o?clock. 他到 10 點(diǎn)才回來。 He has pleted the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 ) ? 小竅門: 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) +一段時(shí)間,這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化,很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。 (錯(cuò)) Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. ( 對) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. ? 4比較 since和 for ? Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間, for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度。 ) I have finished my homework now. Will somebody go and get Dr. White? He39。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了。) Who hasn‘t handed in his paper? ( 強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子,可能為不公平競爭。) I have seen this film. ( 強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 : yesterday, last week, …ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語 共同的時(shí)間狀語 : this morning, tonight,this April, now, once, before, already, recently, lately 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不確定的時(shí)間狀語 ? 3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有 e, go, leave, start, die, finish, bee, get married等。t received his letter for almost a month. ? 3比較過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) ? 1)過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +thatclause 的句型中,從句要用完成時(shí)。 ? 2) Have you ____ been to our town before? No, it39。ve heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。ve (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 ? (2)用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 ? 1) It is the first / second time… . that… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)。 1)動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 ) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著 ) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。 ? 比較: 一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。d rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。寧愿某人做某事 39。 It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。 Where did you go just now? 2) 表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 ? ? 1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, fet, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very much. 3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞 accept, receive, plete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系動(dòng)詞 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, bee, turn You seem a little tired. ? 1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。s getting warmer and warmer. d. 與 always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。 ) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有: get, grow, bee, turn, run, go, begin等。 We are waiting for you. b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。再如: Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 I don39。 注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。(十一種) P79表格 ? 1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 ? 1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。 第四講 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) ? 概念(時(shí)間與時(shí)態(tài)) ? 時(shí)態(tài)是一種語言的手段,因語言的不同而有區(qū)別。s wealthy, he spends___ on clothes. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few 答案: A. spend所指的是錢,不可數(shù),只能用 little或 a little. 本句為 although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,由句意知后句為否定含義,因此應(yīng)用 little表示幾乎不。 There is little time 。 He has few friends. 他幾乎沒有朋友。 few, little, a few, a little ? (a) few + 可數(shù)名詞 , (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞 a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點(diǎn) few / little 為否定含義,沒有多少了。 All of the students are there. 所有的學(xué)生都在那。 注意: all與 none用法一樣。t like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。 All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了。 3) all (所有的,全部的人或物 ), any (任何一個(gè) ), none (都不 )。 Either of the two boys is clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都很聰明。 2) both, either both與復(fù)數(shù)連用, either與單數(shù)連用。以上詞使用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物。其位置都在 be 動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前或第一助動(dòng)詞之后。 5) 泛指別的人或物時(shí),用 others當(dāng)在一定范圍內(nèi),除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部時(shí),也用 others。 3) 一定范圍內(nèi)三者,一個(gè)用 one,另一個(gè)用 one (another),第三個(gè)可用 the other, a third。 ? one/another/the other one… the other 只有兩個(gè) some… the others 有三個(gè)以上 one… another, another… some… others, others… others = other people/things the others = the rest 剩余的全部 1) 泛指另一個(gè)用 another。 t know where I put it. ( 同一物 ) 我找不到我的帽子。 I can39。我想我該去買一頂。 I can39。ve bought some. ? 代詞比較辯異 one, that 和 it one表示泛指, that和 it 表示特指。如果替代的名詞時(shí)無形容詞在前,則用 some, any,而不 用 ones。 Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說,你可任讀一本。 四、 any 一些 1) any 多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。如: I haven39。 Would you like句式中,表委婉請求或建議,如: Would you like some coffee? b. 在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時(shí),如: If you need some help, let me know. c. some位于主語部分 , Some students haven39。 注意: (1)在肯定疑問句中用 some代替 any。( = a certain) You will be sorry for this some day. 總有一天,你會(huì)后悔這件事的。 ? 三、 some 一些 1) 可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。但如做表語,則其單復(fù)數(shù)與表語一致。 在答語中, none可單獨(dú)使用。 He can39。t do it, neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。t sing, neither (can) he. ? neither 與 nor