【正文】 Unit 9: 流 程 Routing Lesson 1: 流 程 :概況 Routing: Overview 什么是流程 ? What is a Routing? 流 程指的是一個(gè)生產(chǎn)操作表 ,它描述了制造一種產(chǎn) 品的生產(chǎn)工藝 .它定義了一個(gè)生產(chǎn)操作執(zhí)行的順序 . A routing is a list of manufacturing operations, which describes the manufacturing process used to produce a product. It defines the sequence in which the operations are performed 一個(gè)流程包括 :序號(hào) , 操作號(hào) , 操作說(shuō)明 ,工作中心號(hào) 及制造所需時(shí)間 . A routing consists of : the sequence no., the operation no., the operation description, the work center no., and the time required for production. 順序號(hào)和操作號(hào) The Sequence Operation Numbers 順序號(hào)決定操作的工藝順序 .它可以和操作號(hào)相同 . 如果不使用順序號(hào) , 操作號(hào)應(yīng)按數(shù)字順序安排 . The sequence number defines the sequence in which the mfg. operations take place. It could be the same as the operation no. 操作號(hào) Ope r a t i o n 操作說(shuō)明 De scr i pt i o n 工作中心 W o r k c e nt e r 所需時(shí)間 T i m e r e qd. 10 填充 F i l l 80 . 3 hr s 20 混合 M i x 240 2. 4 hr s 30 檢查 I ns pe c t 450 . 3 hr s 1 If sequence numbers are not used, the operation numbers should be assigned in numerical order. 操作說(shuō)明 The Operation Description 操作說(shuō)明是對(duì)生產(chǎn)操作的簡(jiǎn)略描述 .它不取代詳細(xì)的 制造工作指示 . The operation description gives a brief description of the operation to be performed. It is not intended to take the place of detailed manufacturing instructions. 工作中心 Work Center 工作中心是指用于完成產(chǎn)品工藝的機(jī)器 ,機(jī)器群組或生 產(chǎn)資源的名稱代號(hào) .工作中心可以制訂得非常詳細(xì)或廣泛 ,這取決于公司的生產(chǎn)需要 . The work center is the name of machine, group of machines, or mfg. used to plete the manufacturing process. Work centers can be very detailed or somewhat broad in definition, depending on pany requirements. 生產(chǎn)所需時(shí)間 Time Required For Production 生產(chǎn)所需時(shí)間指的是生產(chǎn)一個(gè)樣品所需要的時(shí)間 , 它由以下幾部分組成 : The term refers to how long it takes to make one piece. It can be stated in terms of : ? 裝置時(shí)間 用于裝備機(jī)器所需的時(shí)間 . Setup Time – The time needed to set up and prepare the machine to do the work. ? 運(yùn)行時(shí)間 生產(chǎn)一件樣品所需的時(shí)間 . 2 Run Time – The time it takes to produce one piece. 裝置時(shí)間和運(yùn)行時(shí)間應(yīng)考慮周到地保存在每一操作的流程文件之中 ,而且一般上占總生產(chǎn)交期時(shí)間的 10~20% Setup and run times are maintained discreetly within the routing file for each operation and typically make up about 1020 percent of total manufacturing lead time. ? 等待時(shí)間 指的是材料的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) ,倉(cāng)存 ,和工 作中心等待所需的時(shí)間 . Queue Time – The time the material spends in transit, storage, and at each work center waiting to be worked on. 等待時(shí)間隨工廠布局 ,制造工藝和排期作業(yè)而定 . 等待時(shí)間是一個(gè)非制造時(shí)間 ,在大多數(shù)公司 ,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)等待時(shí)間占到總生產(chǎn)時(shí)間的 80%~90%.我們的目標(biāo)是盡可能減少甚至消除等待時(shí)間以降低成本 .等待時(shí)間是一種額外的成本 ,它不能增加產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值 . Queue time is a function of plant layout, the manufacturing process, and the scheduling process. Queue time is non productive in the manufacturing process. In most panies, it accounts for about 8090 % of the total manufacturing time. The goal is to reduce queue time to as low a value as possible, or even eliminate it. Queue is an added cost. It adds no value to the product. 如何使用流程 How A Routing Is Used 流程由工程部門開(kāi)發(fā)并應(yīng)用于公司內(nèi)很多部門 : Routing are developed by Engineering and are used in many departments within a pany: ? 工程部 制訂開(kāi)發(fā)新零件的生產(chǎn)工藝 . Engineering – To develop mfg. processes for new items. 3 ? 生產(chǎn) 正確地生產(chǎn)每種產(chǎn)品 Manufacturing – To correctly produce each product. ? 車間控制 跟蹤生產(chǎn)制造過(guò)程 Shop Floor Control – To keep track of the sequence of production ? 成本核算 確定生產(chǎn)一件產(chǎn)品的實(shí)際成本 . Cost Accounting – To determine the actual cost to produce a product. 流程的用處 Routing Uses: 確定生產(chǎn)程序的流程也有如下的用處 : The routing along with defining the manufacturing processes to be performed, has several other uses: /發(fā)貨點(diǎn) Point of Control/Dispatching 依據(jù)由工作中心 /流程文件和工作中心資料 ,可以制 定一個(gè)日排期表或者工作中心優(yōu)先發(fā)貨單 . 工廠或部門管理人員可利用此排期表去決定工作的優(yōu)先順序 . From the work center/routing file along with work center information, a daily schedule or work center priority dispatch list may be created. This schedule is utilized by the factory or area supervisor regarding work priorities. ? 財(cái)務(wù)方面 計(jì)算產(chǎn)品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成本 . Finance – To calculate the standard cost of the product. ? 生產(chǎn)控制 /物料 確定如何安排生產(chǎn)程序 . Production Control/Material – To determine how to schedule the manufacturing processes 4 工作中心優(yōu)先調(diào)度表 Work Center Priority Dispatch List Scheduling 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間的總和就成了交貨周期 .此交貨周期可用于以時(shí)間為基準(zhǔn)的排期 . Time standards are rolled up into lead times to used in time phased scheduling. 數(shù)量 Qty 排期 S c he dul e 工作 中心 w o r k c e nt e r 零件 編號(hào) P a r t No . 定單編號(hào) Or de r No . 操作編號(hào) Ope ra t i o n No . 定單 Or der 完成 Com ple t e 剩余 B a l 小時(shí) Hr s 開(kāi)始 S t a r t 到期 Due 102 *5202 5 2 1 0 *5201 12333 12444 12345 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 10 25 100 0 0 50 10 25 50 5 5 50 6 27 X 6 30 X 7 01 X 6 27 X 6 30 X 7 07 X 日期 Date: 630x Costing 不論使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 ,實(shí)際的或是當(dāng)前的成本系統(tǒng) ,時(shí)間標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)提供了生產(chǎn)零件的成本數(shù)據(jù)的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn) (典範(fàn)借鑒 ). Whether standard, actual or current cost system is used, time standards provide benchmark costing data for the manufactured item. 5 流程 文件 生產(chǎn)零件編號(hào) 總的等候 時(shí)間 總的計(jì)劃 時(shí)間 總的運(yùn)行 時(shí)間 零件總表文件 生產(chǎn)零件編號(hào) 零件等待 時(shí)間 零件備機(jī) 時(shí)間 零件運(yùn)行 時(shí)間 產(chǎn)品成本文件 生產(chǎn)零件編號(hào) 額外的 費(fèi)用 裝 置 費(fèi) 用 運(yùn) 行 費(fèi) 用 生產(chǎn)交期 積累模塊