【正文】 F.Refined mineral oil does not have enough lubricating qualities to meet the needs of modern day hydraulic systems. Several lubricity additives to enhance that property are added to mineral oil as a specific manufacturers package. These additives are formulated to work together and should not be mixed with others additives because some ponents may be inpatible.Refined mineral oil also is very much affected by temperature change. In its raw state it not only has low lubricity but also would thin out noticeably with only a small increase in temperature. Viscosity modifiers enhance the oils ability to remain at a workable viscosity through a broad temperature range.There are several causes of hydraulic oil oxidation. These include contamination, air, and heat. The interaction of these outside influences cause sludge and acids to form. Oxidation inhibitors slow or stop the fluids degradation and allow it to perform as intended.Wear inhibitors are additives that bond with metal parts inside a hydraulic system and leave a thin film that reduces metaltometal contact. When these additives are working, they extend part life by reducing wear.In most hydraulic systems, fast and turbulent fluid flow can lead to foaming. Antifoaming agents make the fluid less likely to form bubbles and allow those that do form to dissipate more rapidly.Moisture in the air can condense in a hydraulic reservoir and mix with the fluid. Rust inhibitors negate the effect of this unwanted water and protect the surfaces of the systems metal ponents. All of these additives are necessary to extend system life and improve reliability.Overheating the fluid can counteract the additives and decrease system also thins the oil and reduces efficiency because of internal bypassing. Clearances in pump and valve spools let fluid pass as pressure increases, causing more heating until thefluid breaks down. External leaks through fittings and seals also increase as fluid temperatures rise. Another problem caused by overheating is a breakdown of some seal materials. Most rubber pounds are cured by controlled heat over a specific period of time. Continued heating inside the hydraulic system over long periods keeps the curing process going until the seals lose their resiliency and their ability to seal. It is best if hydraulic oil never exceeds 130176。to 50176。 and 130176。ST10鋼坯上線前段ST11鋼坯上線后段ST12甘油低油位SL1液壓站低油位SL2液壓站超低油位SL3單步（調(diào)試）SA1連續(xù)SA12單周期SA12液壓站換組閥A組SA21液壓站換組閥B組SA22液壓站A電機(jī)SA31液壓站B電機(jī)SA32A號(hào)液壓站高壓SA41B號(hào)液壓站高壓SA42A號(hào)液壓站換向電磁左閥KA7A號(hào)液壓站換向電磁右閥KA8B號(hào)液壓站換向電磁左閥KA9B號(hào)液壓站換向電磁右閥KA10A_B組換向電磁閥 KA11A號(hào)液壓站溢流閥 KA12B號(hào)液壓站溢流閥 KA13冷卻液電磁閥KA14甘油電磁閥KA15軌道1電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn)KM1電器元件 地址詳細(xì)軌道1電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)KM2轉(zhuǎn)向臺(tái)電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn)KM3轉(zhuǎn)向臺(tái)電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)KM4液壓站A電機(jī)接觸器KM5液壓站B電機(jī)接觸器KM6注甘油電機(jī)KM7低油位報(bào)警燈HL1超低油位報(bào)警HL2A號(hào)升降臺(tái)上升到位HL3A號(hào)升降臺(tái)下降到位HL4B號(hào)升降臺(tái)上升到位HL5B號(hào)升降臺(tái)下降到位HL6無(wú)甘油報(bào)警燈HL7超低油位報(bào)警警鈴HAPLC運(yùn)行指示燈HL8軌道2電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn) KA1軌道2電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)KA2軌道3電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn)KA3軌道3電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)KA4軌道4電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn)KA5軌道4電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)KA6外文資料 Hydraulic FluidsFor long service life, safety reasons, and reliable operation of hydraulic circuits, it is very important to use the correct fluid for the application. The most mon fluid is based on mineral oil, but some systems require fire resistance because of their proximity to a heat source or other fire hazard. （Water is also making its return to some hydraulic systems because it is inexpensive, fireproof, and does not harm the environment.）Transmit energy.The main purpose of the fluid in any system is to transmit energy. Electric, internal bustion, steam powered, or other prime movers drive a pump that sends oil through lines to valves that control actuators. The fluid in these lines must transmit the prime movers energy to the actuator so it can perform work. The fluid must flow easily to reduce power losses and make the circuit respond quickly.Lubricate.In most hydraulic systems, the fluid must have good lubrication qualities. Pumps, motors, and cylinders need ample lubrication to make them efficient and extend their service oils with antiwear additives work well and are available from most suppliers. Some fluids may need special considerations in ponent design to overe their lack of lubricity.Seal.Fluid thickness can be important also because one of its requirements is for sealing. Almost all pumps and many valves have metal to metal sealing fits that have minimal clearance but can leak at elevated pressures. Thin watery fluid can flow through these clearances, reducing efficiency and eroding the mating surfaces. Thicker fluids keep leakage to a minimum and efficiency high.There are several areas that apply to specifying fluids for a hydraulic circuit. Viscosity is the measure of the fluids thickness. Hydraulic oils thickness is specified by a SUS or SSU designation, similar to the SAE designation used for automotive fluids. SUS stands for Saybolt Universal Seconds (or as some put it, Saybolt Seconds Universal). It is a measuring system set up by a man named Saybolt. Simply stated, the system takes a sample of fluid, heats it to 100176。 Sons,，Ltd，Hydraulic Systems，10APR2008 [24] WileyVCH Verlag GmbH，Weighing Systems，15DEC2007[1] 李壯云，液壓元件與系統(tǒng)[M]，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，[2] 張利平，液壓氣動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，[3] 楊培元，[M]，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， [4] 張利平，液壓傳動(dòng)與控制，西安：西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社[M]，[5] 張利平，液壓控制系統(tǒng)及設(shè)計(jì)，北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社[M]，2006,4[6] 文斌，管接頭和管件選用手冊(cè)，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社[M]，[7] 張利平，液壓站設(shè)計(jì)與使用，北京：海洋出版社[M]，[8] 葉玉駒，[M]，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，[9] 黃志堅(jiān)，[M]，北京：機(jī)械工 業(yè)出版社，[10] 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì)，液壓傳動(dòng)與控制[M]，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， [11] 張利平，液壓站[M]，北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，[12] 王守城、段俊勇，液壓元件及選用[M]，北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，[13] 陸一心，液壓閥使用手冊(cè)[M]，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,[14] 譚建榮、張樹(shù)有、陸國(guó)棟，圖學(xué)基礎(chǔ)教程[M]，北京：高等教育出版 社,[15] 李松晶、從大成、姜洪洲，液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖分析與技巧[M]，北京化 學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，[16] 成大先，機(jī)械