【正文】 若 +不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí) ,其 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 . 1. There is plenty of water in your cup. 2. There are lots of magazines on the shelf in my room. 3. The majority of people have no opinion at all. 26) 主語是不定式短語 ,動名詞 (短語 )或從句 ,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 . 1. How they got there doesn’t concern me. 2. What has been achieved in the field is very little. 3. Writing letters makes her happy. 4. To see is to believe. 27) 關(guān)系代詞 what引導(dǎo)從句做主語 ,其 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于其后面的名詞 . 1. What I want is ice cream. 2. What he needs are some books. 3. What she likes is black tea. 28) 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)， 其謂語必須和先行詞的人稱，數(shù)一致 . 1. The astronauts who are reported to be very cheerful, are expected to land on the moon shortly. 2. The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular. 29) 以介詞短語 ,副詞或 there /here 開頭的倒裝句 ,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式 取決于其后面的名詞 . 1. Here are letters for you. 2. There is the doctor I mentioned before. 第四講 . 主謂語的倒裝 1)否定倒裝：含有否定意義的詞 seldom, not until, hardly, scarcely, no longer等位于句首， 將助動詞或系動詞放在主語前面 . 1. Little does he realize the danger he is in. 2. Seldom does a man live to be a hundred years old. 3. Rarely does the temperature go above 35 oC in summer in Beijing. 4. Not until 1776 did the American colonies declare their independence from England. Note: 1. hardly … when scarcely…when no sooner… than “ 剛 … 就 …” 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，用倒裝語序 . No sooner had they gathered in the grain than it began to rain. Scarcely had we got to the plant when we started to work. Hardly had the plane landed when the people ran toward it. 2. 含有否定意義的詞還有： in vain, no, not, barely, rarely, little, few, nowhere, never 2) 固定倒裝： so引起的倒裝與肯定句呼應(yīng) nor, neither引起的倒裝與否定句呼應(yīng) . 1. He never went there again, nor did he write to apologize. 2. I’m quite willing to help the poor, so are the members in my family. 3. Wood can not conduct electricity, nor can glass. 4. He can not speak, neither can he hear. Note: 1. neither為主語或主語的一部分。 主語為” Percent(百分之 …) +of+ 不可數(shù)名詞”時(shí) ,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 1. Four percent of the students are absent today. 2. Over 80 percent of the whole population in our country are farmers. 3. A large percent of the wheat crop was ruined by the flood last year. 14) 數(shù)詞 +名詞 (表示長短 ,重量 ,溫度 ,時(shí)間及金錢等 )作主語 ,當(dāng)作 “單一的數(shù)量”時(shí) , 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 1. Eight hours of sleep is not enough for a baby. 2. Three miles is as far as they can walk. 3. Sixty dollars is a high price for a dictionary. 15) “the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后的關(guān)系從句中 ,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 。 表示抽象概念時(shí) ,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 . 1. The rich are not always happier than the poor. 2. The beautiful attracts more attention than the good. 3. The black are prohibited to enter that school. Note: the +形容詞相當(dāng)于復(fù)數(shù)名詞的有 : the poor the rich the old the young the sick the dead the dying the wounded the learned 表示抽象概念的抽象名詞有 : the beautiful=beauty the true=truth the good=goodness the false =falsehood 9) and 連接的兩個(gè)主語指同一人物或概念時(shí) ,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 . 1. A writer and educator has visited our college. 2. Bread and butter is nutritious. 3. Slow and steady wins the race. 4. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy. 10) many a+單數(shù)名詞 or more than a +單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí) ,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 . 1. Many a boy in Dalian learns to swim before he can read. 2. More than one worker has been laid off because of the economic crisis in the United States. 11)表示數(shù)量的集體名詞短語，即“量詞詞組 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”，作主語時(shí)，通常是強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)整體（一群人或動物），因而謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“個(gè)體”，也就是把它們看成一個(gè)個(gè)的個(gè)體時(shí)，謂語動詞也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如著重表示動作一直在進(jìn)行 ,即動作的延續(xù)性時(shí) ,則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) . 一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) .試比較 : 1)I have written six letters since breakfast. 從吃完早飯到現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)寫了六封信 . I have been writing letters. 我一直在寫信 . 2)I have waited for him for many times. 我等他等了好幾次了 . I have been waiting for him for an hour. 我等他等了一個(gè)小時(shí) . 3)He has drunk five cups of tea. 他喝了五杯茶 . He has been drinking tea. 他一直在喝茶 . 4)I have read this book. 我讀過這本書了 . I have been reading this book. 我一直在讀這本書 . 5)That follow has drunk my . That follow has been drinking my wine. 那家伙一直在喝我的酒 . (三 )過去完成時(shí) (1)構(gòu)成 had+過去分詞 (2)用法 . 在強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一動作發(fā)生在另一動作之前時(shí) (有時(shí)兩者相距很近 ),往往用這種時(shí)態(tài) . 例如 : 1)By yesterday evening he had written that letter. 到昨天晚上 ,他已寫完那封信 . 2)By the end of last year we had built many new houses. 到去年年底 ,我們已建了很多新房子 . 3)I thought I had met him before. 我認(rèn)為我從前見過他 . 4)He said that he had seen you. 他說他以前見過你 . 5)When I came in he had finished his homework. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)來時(shí) ,他已做完了作業(yè) . 6)He said he had never been to Yan’an. 他說他從未去過延安 . , 這一動作一直持 續(xù)到過去這一時(shí)刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去 .例如 : 1)By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬 ,我已在北京住了五年了 . 2)By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六點(diǎn)為止 ,他們已經(jīng)工作八小 時(shí)了 . 3)When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海時(shí) ,他在那里很長時(shí)間了 . . (四 )