【正文】 有些制造廠對(duì)全部四條導(dǎo)軌都采用導(dǎo)軌尖朝上的三角形導(dǎo)軌（即山形導(dǎo)軌。它是一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的剛性框架，所有其他基本部件都安裝在床身上。 床身是車床的基礎(chǔ)件。因此，在生產(chǎn)中使用的各種車床比任何其他種類的機(jī)床都多。車削很少在其他種類的機(jī)床上進(jìn)行，而且任何一種其他機(jī)床都不能像車床那樣方便地進(jìn)行車削加工。 最后，祝所有關(guān)心、幫助和支持我的人們身體健康、工作順利！21參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 郭愛芳，王恒迪 .傳感器原理及應(yīng)用［M］.西安：西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社，～290. [2] 陳有根,危韌勇 .可編程序控制器概述[J].大眾用電雜志,.[3] 殷洪義，吳建華 .PLC ：清華大學(xué)出版社，[4] 孫兵,趙斌 , PLC 的機(jī)械手混合驅(qū)動(dòng)控制[J].液壓與氣動(dòng), 2022,(3):3739.[5] 陳伯時(shí). 電力拖動(dòng)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2022：117209.[6] 侯崇開. 光電編碼器在剪切鋼板長度測量中的應(yīng)用[A]. 傳感器技術(shù)，2022，24(7)： 7677.[7] 張萬忠，周淵深 .可編程控制器應(yīng)用技術(shù)[M].北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，[8] PLC 的過程控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J] .自動(dòng)化技術(shù)與應(yīng)用, 2022,23(7):2527.[9] Dierks, Henning. PLC automata: a new class of implementable realtime automata[J].TheoreticalComputer Science, 2022, 253(2)[10] Deepak Alur, JohnCrup,i Dan Malks. J2EE 核心模式 [M],北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,202222附錄 ILathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential ponents of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic ponents are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted Vshape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precisionmachined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surfacehardened to resist wear and abrasion, but 23precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gearssimilar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. 24Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavyduty machine tools with all the ponents described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the pound rest. They monly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not unmon. Most have chip pans and a builtin coolant circulating system. Smaller engine latheswith swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabi. Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chipproduction tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing. 2 Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere ma