【正文】 基本攪拌反應(yīng)器的設(shè)計 液體壓力容器的大小與攪拌器的大小和安裝位置，檔板和其他內(nèi)部的因素是影響大量攪拌或混合質(zhì)量所需的能量的因素。落膜反應(yīng)器或濕壁反應(yīng)器可以用于發(fā)熱量極大的反應(yīng)。例如文丘里反應(yīng)器用在抗污染的設(shè)施中以苛性堿洗掉少量的殘余SO2。反應(yīng)器容器的這種大幅度的增長明顯地和不斷增長的市場需求有關(guān)，但是這種增長的實現(xiàn)也毫無疑問地反映了世界上欣欣向榮的建設(shè)活動所引起的在技術(shù)和基礎(chǔ)領(lǐng)域中的進步。除了粗柴油的催化裂化在流化床反應(yīng)器中進行以實現(xiàn)催化劑的連續(xù)再生外，現(xiàn)今化學和石油煉制工業(yè)中的大多數(shù)固體催化過程都采用固定床催化反應(yīng)器。從那時起，這個工業(yè)通過新過程的開發(fā)和已有過程的改造以一種特殊的方式不斷變化和發(fā)展，其中大多數(shù)過程依賴于固體催化劑的使用?？梢允情g歇的、半間歇的，也可以是連續(xù)的。但是也有不攪拌的操作。當細分過的催化劑必須保持懸浮態(tài)時，攪拌也是常用的。攪拌槽反應(yīng)器優(yōu)先用于由于放熱多而采用很大液氣比的反應(yīng)，因為攪拌可改善傳熱，并且也容易安裝內(nèi)換熱器。其他一些名字是“返混反應(yīng)器”、“混合流動反應(yīng)器”和“理想攪拌槽式反應(yīng)器”。這里被稱為完全混流的反應(yīng)器有幾種不同的名稱。當溫度控制是關(guān)鍵的問題時，則經(jīng)常地選用攪拌式連續(xù)流反應(yīng)器，例如在芳烴或甘油的硝基化反應(yīng)中。為了接近這個理想混合流模型，在與流體流過容器的平均滯留時間相比很小的時間內(nèi)，物料必須和反應(yīng)器中的流體充分混合。其基本的特點是假設(shè)整個反應(yīng)器中濃度和溫度的完全均勻性，與此相反的是進入活塞流反應(yīng)器的流體前后分子相互之間沒有混合的假設(shè)。這種完全有序的流動是唯一一個在活塞流反應(yīng)器模型中得到解釋的移動機理。它們通常出現(xiàn)在特殊化學品和聚合物以及藥物領(lǐng)域，特別是在產(chǎn)品種類種類眾多的工廠中。了解攪拌反應(yīng)器所達到的完全混合程度，對預(yù)測它作為反應(yīng)器的性能來說是極為必要的。攪拌是為了混合原材料，在反應(yīng)期間保持統(tǒng)一性，以及在容器表面增快傳熱速度。反應(yīng)器的迅速發(fā)展使得反應(yīng)器通過攪拌或離心泵增強傳熱和降低有害的溫度梯度。 當多相混合物參與時，轉(zhuǎn)換率通常受限于界面物質(zhì)傳播的速度，以致于更大的接觸表面是可取的。否則，間歇操作不可能比連續(xù)操作來得經(jīng)濟。間歇操作主要應(yīng)用于當反應(yīng)時間很長或所需的日常生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小的情況?；蛘撸瑸榱藢崿F(xiàn)反應(yīng)物的完全轉(zhuǎn)化，可以去除一種產(chǎn)品，例如在酯化反應(yīng)中的水。為了更好地控制溫度，這種操作方式并不適合，而反應(yīng)物可能不得不逐漸加到容器內(nèi)。而溫度的順序變化則有利于選擇性或安全地實現(xiàn)充分的轉(zhuǎn)化。為了使得反應(yīng)器內(nèi)的溫度均勻，以及為了使得通過夾套或內(nèi)部蛇管的有效交換而將溫度保持在所需的數(shù)值上，攪拌是必需的。關(guān)鍵詞：反應(yīng)器 類型 設(shè)計正文：反應(yīng)器類型間歇式和半間歇式反應(yīng)器 間歇式反應(yīng)器通常用于液相反應(yīng)。.Constructions with two to eight blades are used, six being most mon. Combined axial and radial flow are achieved. Especially effective for heat exchange with vessel walls or internal coils.5. Curved blade turbines effectively disperse fibrous materials without fouling. The swept back blades have a lower starting torque than straight ones, which is important when starting up settled slurries.6. Shrouded turbines consisting of a rotor and a stator ensure a high degree of radial flow and shearing action, and are well adapted to emulsification and dispersion.7. Anchor paddles fit the contour of the container, prevent sticking of pasty materials, and promote good heat transfer with wall.8. Gate paddles are used in wide, shallow tanks and for materials of high viscosity when low shear is adequate. Shaft speeds are low.反應(yīng)器摘要：在一段時間內(nèi)，幾乎所有種類的盛裝設(shè)備都已經(jīng)被當做化學反應(yīng)器，例如從混合噴嘴離心泵到最精細的塔和管組件。 7英文文獻翻譯Abstract: Almost every kind of holding or containing equipment has used as a chemical reactor at some time, from mixing nozzles and centrifugal pumps to the most elaborate towers and tube assemblies. This section is devoted to the general characteristics of the main kinds of reactors and their designs. Keywords: Reactor, type, designIntroduction:Types of ReactorsBatch and Semibatch Reactor Batch reactors are generally used for liquid phase reactions. When a solid catalyst has to be kept in suspension or when there are two liquid phases, as in the nitration of aromatics, for instance, an agitator is required. Agitation is also necessary to equalize the temperature in the reactor and to keep it at the desired level by efficient heat exchange through a jacket or an internal coil. Consequently, the batch reactor is generally considered to be spatially uniform in position and temperature. The position change with time, however. Temperature sequencing may be favorable for the selectivity or for achieving plete conversion in a safe way.In pure batch operation the reactants are pletely fed into the reactor at the beginning. For better control of temperature this type of operation may not be advisable and the reactants may have to be added progressively to the contents of the vessel. The reactor is then said to operate in the semibatch mode. Or, a product may be withdraw, for instance, water in an esterification, to reach plete conversion of the reactors. The most obvious distinctions are between nonflow and continuous operating modes and between the kind of phases that are being contacted. Batch processing is used primarily when the reaction time is long or the required daily production is small. The same batch equipment often is used to make a variety of products at different times. Otherwise, it is not possible to generalize as to the economical transition point from batch to continuous operation. One or more batch reactors together with appropriate surge tanks may be used to simulate continuous operation on a daily or longer basis.When heterogeneous mixtures are involved, the conversion rate often is limited by the rate of interphase mass transfer, so that a large interfacial is desirable. Thus, solid reactants or catalysts are finely divided, and fluid contacting is forced with mechanical agitation or in packed or tray towers or in centrifugal pumps. The rapid transfer of reactants past heat transfer surfaces by agitation or pumping enhances also heat transfer and reduces harmful temperature gradients.Stirred Tank Stirred tanks are the most mon type of batch reactor. Stirring is used to mix the ingredients initially, to maintain homogeneity during reaction, and to enhance heat transfer at a jacket wall or internal surface. Many applications of stirred tank reactors are to continuous processing, either with single tanks or multiple arrangements. Knowlegde of the extent to which a stirred tank does approach plete mixing is essential to being able to predict its performance as a reactor. Batch and semibatch reactors are most often used for low production capacities, where the cost of labor and dead time are only a small fraction of the unit cost of the product. They are generally encountered in the area of special wide variety of products.Plug Flow Reactor Plug flow is a simplified and idealized picture of the motion of a fluid, whereby all the fluid elements move with a uniform velocity along parallel streamlines. This perfectly ordered flow is the only transport mechanism accounted for in the plug flow reactor model.Perfectly Mixed Flow ReactorThis reactor type is the opposite extreme from the plug flow reactor considered above. The essential feature is the assumption of plete uniformity of concentration and temperature throughout the reactor, as contrasted with the assumption of no intermix