【正文】
finished”, Needless cutlery created the first production of spare parts, is an unprecedented lamina reducing processing methods. Comparing to tradition, the fast prototype processes the following advantage:(1) Produce the spare parts of the curved face and more plicated appearance quickly, such as shoulder within spare parts and hollow and parts of , consumedly lowered the development cost of the new product and development period.(2) Is a noncontact processing, machine tool cutting processing is necessary cutlery and jig without cutlery wear and cutting force.(3) Without vibration, noise and slice to pare the waste.(4) Can carry out the nighttime over fullautomatic production.(5) Process with high efficiency, produces the article entity model and molding tools quickly.The form follows the parison of the method for the Rapid Prototyping Technology and tradition.Comparison the itemProcessing technologyThe tool machine slices to pare to processRP(Light shape method)processThe method of processDo away with the surplus material processFold the layer processThe object of processSolidLiquid, portrait, powderToolThe tool of slice to pareLight beamMinimum processing unitsDot’s diameter is about 1μmsTriangles of 200μms longProduction of spare partsThe least processes e together the body of the unitThe least processes e together the body of the unitThe RP and traditions slice to pare the method parison sheet3. The develop of RPRapid prototyping technology concept that the concept RP (Rapid Prototyping Technology) could be back to 1979. the profess of Zhong Chuan Weixiong in produce and technique institute of Japanese University of Tokyo invent the method of fold the layer model, the Xiao Yu Xiunan put forward the light shape method again in 1980, after the conceive put forward, it was continued to study in 1984 by Wan Gu Yanger, and carried on to produce manufacture on a trial basis in 1987. 1988, the United States rapidly prototype 3D Systems Corporation was the first to introduce practical deviceslaser threedimensional shapes that SLA (Stereo Lightgraphy Apparatus), and annual sales growth rate 30%~40% increase in the world market. In recent years, with increasing performance scanninga mirror, and the development of materials science and puter technology, rapid prototyping technology matures, and in 1994 to promote universal access to the formal stage. In accordance with the patterns and materials used in the different types of rapid prototyping technology currently has the following four types. Solidification resin materials using laser light shapes law The light shape equipment is excellent with a product of the 3D Systems pany of the United States, and the formation of a monopoly. Figure 1 shows the operating principles. Issued by the laser light, the optical system to pile into a small beam, the beam in the puter controlled, selective scanning resin surface, using an ultraviolet resin Frozen mechanisms, a layer of solidification resin, each layer of solidification, precision workstations in a distance with the 。 generating entity models. This technology integrates of puter technology, laser processing technology, new material technology, relying on CAD software in the creation of 3D puter models entities, and is divided into a series of plane geometry information to control the scanning laser beam direction and speed, using sinter, pooling or chemical reaction means exhaustive selective processing of raw materials, thus rapid accumulation manufacture products entities models.2. The characteristics of Rapid Prototyping Technology Rapid Prototyping Technology breaks the traditional way to produce spare parts of “roughcast 224。 Stratified separated 224。 molding manufacturing??梢灶A(yù)見(jiàn),隨著CAD的廣泛應(yīng)用、市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨激烈、快速造型技術(shù)本身和快速模具制造成套技術(shù)的完善,快速成形技術(shù)將發(fā)展為一種能被企業(yè)普遍采用的技術(shù)手段,并將給企業(yè)帶來(lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,這應(yīng)引起各方面的高度重視。該方法制作周期不超過(guò)4周,制造的模具可生產(chǎn)250000個(gè)塑料制品。)、時(shí)間短(普通模具一周之內(nèi)即可成型)、造價(jià)低(一般為傳統(tǒng)模具制造費(fèi)用的1/2~1/10)。該方法制作精度高(,制造精度可達(dá)177。 母樣使用的材料取決于噴涂其上的合金材料。該方法采用快速原型技術(shù)制作的樣件作為母體樣板,通過(guò)噴涂到母體樣板的金屬或合金熔滴的沉積制造模具??焖僭图夹g(shù)可精確制作模具的型心和型腔,也可直接用于注射過(guò)程制作塑料樣件,以便發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。 快速模具制造 傳統(tǒng)的模具制造方法周期長(zhǎng)、成本高,一套簡(jiǎn)單的塑料注塑模具其價(jià)值也在10萬(wàn)元以上。 4 快速原型技術(shù)在模具制造中的應(yīng)用 快速制模鑄造將需鑄零件的CAD模型轉(zhuǎn)換為快速模殼制造,按模殼每層截面的幾何形狀生成陶瓷模殼然后按快速熔模鑄造方法即可快速制造金屬零件。近年來(lái),我國(guó)快速原型技術(shù)的發(fā)展已十分迅速。,并具有自動(dòng)激光補(bǔ)償功能)、原型強(qiáng)度高(,尼龍可達(dá)55MPa),因此,可用原型進(jìn)行功能試驗(yàn)和裝配模擬,以獲取最佳曲面和觀察配合狀況。如圖3所示。工作時(shí),由CO2激光器發(fā)出的光束在計(jì)算機(jī)控制下,根據(jù)幾何形體各層橫截面的幾何信息對(duì)材料粉末進(jìn)行掃描,激光掃描處粉末熔化并凝固在一起。 熱可塑造型法 熱可塑造型法以DTM公司開(kāi)發(fā)的選擇性激光燒結(jié)即SLS(Selective Laser Sintering)應(yīng)用較多。工作時(shí),直接由計(jì)算機(jī)控制噴頭擠出熱塑材料并按照層面幾何信息逐層由下而上制作出實(shí)體模型。 圖2 紙張疊層造型原理圖LOM可制作一些光造型法難以制作的大型零件和厚壁樣件,且制作成本低廉(約為光造型法的1/2)、速度高(約為木模制作時(shí)間的1/5以下),并可簡(jiǎn)便地分析設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思和功能。此外,日本帝人制機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)的SOLIFORM可直接制作注射成型模具和真空注塑模具 圖1 立體光造型技術(shù)原理圖 紙張疊層造型法 紙張疊層造型法目前以Helisys公司開(kāi)發(fā)的LOM裝置應(yīng)用最廣。激光立體造型制造精度目前可達(dá)177。其工作原理如圖1所示。 按照所用材料的形態(tài)與種類不同,快速原型技術(shù)目前有以下四種類型。1988年,美國(guó)3D Systems公司率先推出快速原型實(shí)用裝置—激光立體造型即SLA(Stereo Lightgraphy Apparatus),并以年銷售增長(zhǎng)率為30%~40%的增幅在世界市場(chǎng)出售。下表為快速原型技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)切削方法的比較。 (4)可實(shí)現(xiàn)夜間完全自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)。 (2)屬非接觸加工,不需要機(jī)床切削加工所必需的刀具和夾具,無(wú)刀具磨損和切削力影響。 2 快速原型技術(shù)的加工特點(diǎn) 快速原型技術(shù)突破了“毛坯→切削加工→成品”的傳統(tǒng)的零件加工模式,開(kāi)創(chuàng)了不用刀具制作零件的先河,是一種前所未有的薄層迭加的加工方法。 1 快速原型技術(shù)的基本原理 快速原型技術(shù)是用離散分層的原理制作產(chǎn)品原型的總稱,其原理為:產(chǎn)品三維CAD模型→分層離散→按離散后的平面幾何信息逐層加工堆積原材料→生成實(shí)體模型。為了提高產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,從產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)到批量投產(chǎn)的整個(gè)過(guò)程都迫切要求降低成本和提高速度。80年代后,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)的應(yīng)用,產(chǎn)品造型和設(shè)計(jì)能力得到極大提高,然而在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)完成后,批量生產(chǎn)前,必須制出樣品以表達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)想,快速獲取產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的反饋信息,并對(duì)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的可行性作出評(píng)估、論證。附錄2快速原型技術(shù)及在模具制造中的應(yīng)用摘要:論述了快速原型技術(shù)的工藝原理、加工特點(diǎn)、形成與發(fā)展概況以及在模具制造中的應(yīng)用,指出該項(xiàng)技術(shù)可構(gòu)成一種應(yīng)用范圍十分廣泛、新穎的加工體系,市場(chǎng)前景廣闊。另一方面,鍵槽的深度也難以控制。軸上的鍵槽、花鍵、螺紋、橫向小孔等雖然都屬于次要表面,但這些表面往往與軸外圓有一定的位置公差要求,需要較精確的精基準(zhǔn),所以一般都安排在外圓的精車或粗磨之后加工。安排外圓各表面的加工工序時(shí),一般先加工大端外圓,再加工小端外圓,則會(huì)在加工一開(kāi)始就降低工件的剛度。首道機(jī)械加工工序是加工中心孔,為粗車工序準(zhǔn)備好基準(zhǔn);在以后的工序中,一個(gè)工序的加工內(nèi)容與下一工序的基準(zhǔn)一環(huán)扣一環(huán),協(xié)調(diào)安排。(3)加工順序的安排 在安排軸的加工工序時(shí),總體上,已外圓和錐孔作為主要表面,按各加工價(jià)段“先粗后精”,逐步達(dá)到零件所要求的精度。因?yàn)檩S類零件各外圓表面、錐孔、螺紋表面的同軸度,以及端面對(duì)回轉(zhuǎn)軸線的垂直度,均與主軸的軸線有關(guān),若以兩中心孔定位,就能符合基準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一的原則,能夠最大限度地在一次裝夾中加工多出表面。5銑鉆同時(shí)銑兩端面、鉆兩端中心孔(外圓柱定位)專用機(jī)床6粗車車各外圓(中心孔定位)臥式車床7熱處理調(diào)質(zhì)8精車車各外圓(中心孔定位)數(shù)控車床9銑銑鍵槽 外圓定位立式銑床10磨外圓磨各外圓柱面至尺寸(中心孔定位)外圓磨床11檢驗(yàn)2)工藝過(guò)程分析(1)加工階段的劃分 從上表觀察軸的整個(gè)加