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光電傳感器(中英文對照版)(參考版)

2025-06-27 07:15本頁面
  

【正文】 不同的光電元件,所要求的測量電路也不相同。 由光源、光學(xué)通路和光電器件組成的光電傳感器在用于光電檢測時,還必須配備適當(dāng)?shù)臏y量電路。如果選用的光電元件對紅外光敏感,構(gòu)成傳感器時可加濾色片將鎢絲燈泡的可見光濾除,而僅用它的紅外線做光源,這樣,可有效防止其他光線的干擾。因此,廣泛地用于計(jì)算機(jī)、儀器儀表和自動控制設(shè)備中。 圖7 光電傳感器是一種依靠被測物與光電元件和光源之間的關(guān)系,來達(dá)到測量目的的,因此光電傳感器的光源扮演著很重要的角色,光電傳感器的電源要是一個恒光源,電源穩(wěn)定性的設(shè)計(jì)至關(guān)重要,電源的穩(wěn)定性直接影響到測量的準(zhǔn)確性,常用光源有以下幾種: 發(fā)光二極管 是一種把電能轉(zhuǎn)變成光能的半導(dǎo)體器件。它由很小的三角錐體反射材料組成,能夠使光束準(zhǔn)確地從反射板中返回,具有實(shí)用意義。在其后面是檢測電路,它能濾出有效信號和應(yīng)用該信號。接收器有光電二極管、光電三極管、光電池組成。三、光電傳感器光電傳感器是通過把光強(qiáng)度的變化轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)控制的,它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如圖6,它首先把被測量的變化轉(zhuǎn)換成光信號的變化,反應(yīng)快,非接觸等優(yōu)點(diǎn),而且可測參數(shù)多,傳感器的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,形式靈活多樣,因此,光電式傳感器在檢測和控制中應(yīng)用非常廣泛.光電傳感器一般由三部分構(gòu)成,它們分為:發(fā)送器、接收器和檢測電路,如圖7所示,發(fā)送器對準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)發(fā)射光束,發(fā)射的光束一般來源于半導(dǎo)體光源,發(fā)光二極管(LED)、激光二極管及紅外發(fā)射二極管。頻率特性 頻率特性是指外加電壓和入射光強(qiáng)一定是,光電流I與入射光的調(diào)制頻率f之間的關(guān)系,光電二極管的頻率特性較光電三極管的頻率特性好,這是由于光電三極管的基射結(jié)存在電容和載流子基區(qū)需要時間的緣故。光敏電阻上升響應(yīng)時間和下降響應(yīng)時間約為101~103s,即頻率響應(yīng)為10Hz~1000Hz,可見光敏電阻不能用在要求快速響應(yīng)的場合,這是光敏電阻的一個主要缺點(diǎn)。響應(yīng)時間 光敏電阻受光照后,光電流需要經(jīng)過一段時間(上升時間)才能達(dá)到其穩(wěn)定值。入射光波長與光敏器件相對靈敏度間的關(guān)系稱為光譜特性。光敏電阻的光電特性呈非線性,這是光敏電阻的主要缺點(diǎn)之一。從圖中可知,伏安特性近似直線,但使用時應(yīng)限制光敏電阻兩端的電壓,以免超過虛線所示的功耗區(qū)。2)亮電阻 光敏電阻置于室溫和一定光照條件下測得穩(wěn)定電阻值稱為亮電阻,此時流過電阻的電流稱為亮電流。在半導(dǎo)體光敏材料的兩端裝上電極引線,將其封在帶有透明窗的管殼里就構(gòu)成了光敏電阻。光電倍增管的這個特點(diǎn),使它多用于微光測量。若倍增電極有n級,各級的倍增率為σ ,則光電倍增管的倍增率可以認(rèn)為是σN ,因此,光電倍增管有極高的靈敏度。光電倍增管工作時,相鄰電極之間保持一定電位差,其中陰極電位最低,各倍增電極電位逐級升高,陽極電位最高。圖4是光電倍增管結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。當(dāng)光線照射到光電陰極K上時,電子從陰極表面逸出,并被光電陽極的正電廠吸收,外電路產(chǎn)生電流I,在負(fù)載電阻 上的電壓光電管的光電特性如圖3 所示,從圖中可知,在光通量不太大時,光電特性基本是一條直線。此時若光強(qiáng)增大,轟擊陰極的光子數(shù)增多,單位時間內(nèi)發(fā)射的光電子數(shù)也就增多,光電流變大。這種電子稱為光電子,光電子逸出金屬表面后的初始動能為光電管正常工作時,陽極電位高于陰極,如圖2所示。 光電管的種類繁多,典型的產(chǎn)品有真空光電管和充氣光電管,光它的外形和結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示,半圓筒形金屬片制成的陰極K和位于陰極軸心的金屬絲制成的陽極A封裝在抽成真空的玻殼內(nèi),當(dāng)入射光照射在陰極上時,單個光子就把它的全部能量傳遞給陰極材料中的一個自由電子,從而使自由電子的能量增加h。半導(dǎo)體受光照射產(chǎn)生電動勢的現(xiàn)象稱為光生伏特效應(yīng),據(jù)此效應(yīng)制造的光電器件有光電池,光電二極管,管控晶閘管和光耦合器等。除金屬外,多數(shù)絕緣體和半導(dǎo)體都有光電效應(yīng),半導(dǎo)體尤為顯著,根據(jù)光導(dǎo)效應(yīng)制造的光電元件有固有入射光頻率,當(dāng)光照在光電阻上,其導(dǎo)電性增強(qiáng),電阻值下降。當(dāng)光照在半導(dǎo)體上是,若電子的能量大與半導(dǎo)體禁帶的能級寬度,則電子從價帶躍遷到導(dǎo)帶,形成電子,同時,價帶留下相應(yīng)的空穴。 當(dāng)受到光照射時,吸收電子能量,其電阻率降低的導(dǎo)電現(xiàn)象稱為光導(dǎo)效應(yīng)。由于不同材料具有不同的逸出功,因此對每一種陰極材料,入射光都有一個確定的頻率限,當(dāng)入射光的頻率低于此頻率限時,不論光強(qiáng)多大,都不會產(chǎn)生光電子發(fā)射,此頻率限稱為“紅限”。根據(jù)能量守恒定律: 式中,m為電子質(zhì)量,v為電子逸出的初速度,A微電子所做的功。光照在照在光電材料上,材料表面的電子吸收的能量,若電子吸收的能量足夠大是,電子會克服束縛脫離材料表面而進(jìn)入外界空間,從而改變光電子材料的導(dǎo)電性,這種現(xiàn)象成為外光電效應(yīng)根據(jù)愛因斯坦的光電子效應(yīng),光子是運(yùn)動著的粒子流,每種光子的能量為hv(v為光波頻率,h為普朗克常數(shù),h=*1034 J/HZ),由此可見不同頻率的光子具有不同的能量,光波頻率越高,光子能量越大。這種傳感器具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、非接觸、高可靠性、高精度、可測參數(shù)多、反應(yīng)快以及結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,形式靈活多樣等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在自動檢測技術(shù)中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,它一種是以光電效應(yīng)為理論基礎(chǔ),由光電材料構(gòu)成的器件。 Another method based on infrared sensor using the car tracing is to collect infrared sensor data. Photoelectric sensor has cannot be replaced by other sensors superiority, so it development foreground is very good, the application will also bee more widespread. 光電傳感器關(guān)鍵字:光電效應(yīng) 光電元件 光電特性 傳感器分類 傳感器應(yīng)用  摘要:在科學(xué)技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代社會中,人類已經(jīng)入瞬息萬變的信息時代,人們在日常生活,生產(chǎn)過程中,主要依靠檢測技術(shù)對信息經(jīng)獲取、篩選和傳輸,來實(shí)現(xiàn)制動控制,自動調(diào)節(jié),目前我國已將檢測技術(shù)列入優(yōu)先發(fā)展的科學(xué)技術(shù)之一。m the idea of photoelectric sensor With the development of science and technology people on measuring accuracy had the higher request, this has prompted the pace with The Times photoelectric sensor have updated, improve the main means photoelectric sensor performance is the application of new materials, new technology manufacturing performance is more superior photoelectric element. For example, today the prototype of the photoelectric sensor is a small metal cylindrical equipment, with a calibration lens, transmitter into receiver focused light, the receiver out of cable to the device got a vacuum tube amplifiers in metal cylinder on the incandescent light bulb inside a small as the light source a strong incandescent lamp sensor. Due to the sensor various defects existing in the fields, gradually faded. To appear, because of it of fiber of excellent performance, then appeared with sensors supporting the use of optical passive ponents, another fiber without any interference of electromagnetic signal, and can make the sensor of the electronic ponents and other electrical disturbance in isolation. Have a piece of plastic optical fiber core or glass light core, light outside a metallic core skins and bread this layer metal cortical density lower than light core, so low, the beam refraction in the two materials according to the border (incident Angle within a certain range, reflected), is all. Based on optical principle, all beams can be made by optical fiber to transmission. Two incident beam Angle in an Angle (along the fiber length direction within) by multiple reflections from the other end after injection, another incident angles than accept the incident light in metal skin, loss. This accept Angle within the biggest incident Angle than two times, this is because fiber slightly larger from air into density larger fiber materials hitting may have a slight refraction. In light of the optical fiber transmission from inside the influence of fiber bending (whether more than bending radius minimal bending radius). Most optical fiber is flexible, easy to install in the narrow space. Photoelectric sensor is a kind of noncontact measurement small electronic measurement equipment, rely on detect its receives the light intensity change, to achieve measurement purposes, and it39。 And in pulse photoelectric sensor in the sensors, photoelectric element acceptable optical signal is intermittent change, therefore photoelectric element in switch work of the state, the current output it is usually only two steady state of the signal, the pulse form used for photoelectric counting and photoelectric speed measurement and so on. And infrared photoelectric sensor classification and working way generally have the following kinds: 1, groove photoelectric sensor put a light emitter and a receiver in a slot facetoface outfit are on opposite sides of the photoelectric groove. Lighter emits infrared light or visible light, and in unimpeded cases light receptors can receive light. But when tested objects from slot zhongtong obsolete, light occluded, photoelectric switches and action. Output a switch control signal, cut off or connect load current, thus pleting a control movement. Groove switch is the overall of detection distance because general structure limits only a few centimeters. 2, Dui
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