【正文】 　　hardly…when　　no soone?！　　s soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to ?！　　ntil he had passed out of sight, she stood there.　　　她站在那里看著，直到看不見他的身影。　　　　till　　　We waited till (until)he came back .我們一直等到他回來?！　　s引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生　before　　　Be a pupil before you bee a ，再做先生?！ stayed while he was ?！　hen意為“這時(shí)”或“在那個(gè)時(shí)候”,可以看作是并列句,這種用法的when分句一般位于句末。　We shall go there whenever we are ，我們就去那里?！　√貏e注意what的雙重功能：　　　①What was once regarded as impossible has now bee a reality．　(what為“所……的事”，相當(dāng)于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)　?、贏fter ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET39?！e must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.　　他必須回答他是否同意此事這樣一個(gè)問題?！ have no idea when he will e back home.　我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來?！⊥　∥弧　　≌Z　　　從　　　句　　由連詞that引導(dǎo)，不擔(dān)任成分，也可有when, how, where等引導(dǎo)。　連接副詞　when　　　where　　　why　how　　　This is where our problem lies.　　　這就是我們的問題所在?！　　≡诜钦降奈捏w中that可以省去　　　　　　　　表語從句位于主句系動(dòng)詞之后　　連接代詞　who　what　which　　That’s just what I want. 這正是我想要的。　　表　　　語　　　從　　句　　連詞　that　whether　as if　　The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough.　　　問題是他們不能很早到達(dá)這里?！e don’t think you are right. 我們認(rèn)為你不對(duì)?！　e must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.　我們必須認(rèn)清無論誰違反了法律都要受到懲罰?！　　≠e語從句作及物動(dòng)詞賓語也可做介詞的賓語。　　　特殊疑問意義　　　who, whom,　　　which,whose,　　what, when,　　　where, why,　how,whoever,　whatever,　　　whichever　　　Please tell me what you ？　She always thinks of how she can work well.　　她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好?！∽鹘樵~賓語要用whether不能用if?！　e doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine 。　Everything depends on whether we have enough money.　　一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。　　that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省?！　≠e　　語　　從　　　句　陳述意義　　　　　that　　　　　　I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠誠的?！here the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英語晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。　　Who will win the match is still unknown.　誰能贏得這場(chǎng)比賽還不得而知?！　　≈髡Z從句中只能用whether不可用if?！　、倥c現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反　He talks as if he knew where she was．　?、谂c過去事實(shí)相反　　　He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.　?、叟c將來事實(shí)相反　　　He opened his mouth as if he would say something.　　　in order that/so that引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do　Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.　　　賓語從句　demand, suggest, order, insist后接的從句中動(dòng)詞為should+do　　　He suggested that we not change our mind.　　wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和should/would+do表示與現(xiàn)在，過去和將來情況相反　　I wish I could be a pop singer.　　　I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month.　　　主語從句　　　在It is necessary / important / strange that…　It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等從句中，　謂語動(dòng)詞用should+do　　It is strange that such a person should be our friends.　　　其它　　句型中　It is time that…句型中動(dòng)詞用過去式或should+do　It’s high time that we left/should leave.　would rather所接的從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或者過去完成式　　I would rather you stayed at home now.　If only句型中動(dòng)詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望　　　If only our dream had e true!　　　　　　　　　　十、名詞性從句　　　種類　　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞　　　例 句　說 明　主　　　　　語　　　　從　　　　句　　連　　詞　　　that　That he will e and help you is certain.　他來幫助你是確實(shí)無疑的?！　　∽⒁猓篴s if/as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中也可以用陳述語氣：　　　當(dāng)說話者認(rèn)為所述的是真實(shí)的或極有可能發(fā)生或存在的事實(shí)時(shí)：　　It sounds as if it is raining．聽起來像是在下雨。s heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.　　動(dòng)詞不定式表示虛擬條件　　　It would be only partly right to follow in this ，僅僅對(duì)了一半。這是考查考生應(yīng)變能力的最佳試題。其否定形式表示某中行為不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了?！　　ou must have seen the film.　You cannot have seen the film.　　needn’t+ have done：本來不必要做的而實(shí)際上又做了?！e may not have finished the work.　　　If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.　must+ have done：對(duì)過去發(fā)生的行為肯定的推測(cè)?！　　e cannot have been to that town.　　can+主語+ have done：表示對(duì)過去行為的懷疑或不肯定（用在疑問句中）?！　t would be about ten when he left home.　What would she be doing there?　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done的用法　　could+have done：本可以做而實(shí)際上未能做。　I will never do that again.　　　They asked us if we would do that again　would可表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向?！ou should(ought to) go to class right away.　　　I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble.　　will/　　　would　　　請(qǐng)求、建議，would比will委婉客氣?！　hat shall we do this evening?　　用于第二、三人稱：警告、命令、允諾、威脅等?！　　　　are　dare作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)有兩種形式：dare和dared兩個(gè)詞形，除了可以用于否定句和疑問句外，還可以用于條件從句或表示懷疑的句子中?！　　ichael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.　’t ’t 　在疑問句只能用can，不能用may和must。所以can’t時(shí)用以代替mustn’t，語氣比may更肯定。在含義上must語氣最肯定,may表示的是事實(shí)上的可能性?！　　　　　、佟狢ould I call you by your first name? —Yes, you____　　 　?、贘ohnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself.　　　’t/can’t ’t/may　　’t/must ’t/shouldn’t　在肯定句中could不可以用來表示過去某一特定場(chǎng)合的能力，而要用was/were able to?！　　∑?、非謂語動(dòng)詞　非謂語動(dòng)詞的語法功能　　所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧　　≈髡Z　表語　　賓語　　　賓語補(bǔ)足語　　　定語　　　狀語　Ving形式　　現(xiàn)在分詞　　　△　　　△　　　△　△　動(dòng)名詞　△　　△　　　△　　　　　　△　　　　不定式（to do）　　　△　　△　△　　　△　△　△　　　過去分詞(done)　　　　△　　　△　　△　　　△　　　注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分　　generally speaking一般說來；frankly speaking坦白地說；judging from/by...根據(jù)……來判斷；considering.../taking...into consideration考慮到……；　to tell you the truth說實(shí)話；seeing...考慮到……；supposing假設(shè)，如果；providing如果；given考慮到，鑒于；provided that如果　　　　　　非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式變化　　非謂語　　形式　　構(gòu)成　　　時(shí)態(tài)　　　語態(tài)　　復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)　　否定式　　主動(dòng)　　被動(dòng)　　　不定式　　　一般式　　　to do　to be done　　for sb. to do sth.　　或　　of sb. to do sth.　　在“to”前加not　　　或never　進(jìn)行式　　　to have done　　　to have been done　　完成式　to be doing　/　　完成　　　進(jìn)行式　to have been doing　/　動(dòng)名詞　一般式　　doing　being done　’s doing　　作主語要用　sb’s doing　在前加not　特別注意復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式：　sb’s not doing　　　sb’s not having done　完成式　　having done　having been done　　現(xiàn)在分詞　與動(dòng)名詞變化形式相同　　　　　在前加not　　　　　　　　　　非謂語語法功能的比較　做賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞比較　　情況　　常用動(dòng)詞　只接不定式　　　做賓語的動(dòng)詞　　hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen　　只接動(dòng)名詞　　　做賓語的動(dòng)詞或短語　　mind, miss, en