【正文】 寡頭政治的執(zhí)政集團(tuán)。獨(dú)裁政府。無秩序 autocracy 。L4 Unit 31 listening 時(shí)間花費(fèi)Look at these 2 pie graphs. They show how these 2 people spend their days, not including weekends. The one on the top shows how Emma divides up her days. She is a designer who works for a pany. As Emma’s graph shows, the biggest portion of her day is spent working. She works an average of 8 hours a day, which is one third of her day. She gets an average of 6 hours to sleep which is 25% of her day. That’s less sleep than Martin gets. According to his graph, he gets an average of 7 hours to sleep which is about 29% of his day. On the other hand, Martine who is engineer, works more hours than Emma does. Martine average 9 hours a day at work pare to Emma’s 8. That’s % pare to 33%. Other factors shown in the graph included time for meals and muting to work. Other activities include getting dress and doing household chores such as doing laundry and paying bills. As you can see, for Martin, muting is taking a large amount of his time. If he could reduce his mute time, he will have more time for other things. And it isn’t just the time. When the traffic is really heavy his mute is stressful. It will be great if he can work from home one or two days a week. He life will be more enjoyable. And we look at Emma’s graph, we see she probably needs more sleep. Perhaps, she should spend a bit less time socializing with her friends. On the other hand, socializing with her friend is something she really values. As for putting on makeup, she isn’t willing to change that. For her, exercising, socializing and staying beautiful help her deal with the stressful work. In conclusion, Emma and Martin both wish there were more hours in a day. This next graph shows how various factors pare important to 1350 jobs applicants. Applicants were between 20 to 25 years ago. They were asked to list which factors were most important for a good job. As the graph shows, money was the most important factor for 25% of the applicants. However, other factors are also important. The second most important factor was the work environment. In other words, for many, money is everything. People want to like where they work. In fact, if we bine working environment and coworkers, the total is 35%. This is well above the 25% for salary and benefits. Taking together, they are more important than salary and benefits. Career path is also important especially for younger applicants. They want to see that their job helps to build a successful career. For older workers, this may not be as important. Older workers often put the higher value on the balance between life and work. What do you think. L4 Unit 31 vocabulary 領(lǐng)土、軍事、政治、政權(quán)狀態(tài)The government of a country is a control system. Governments make laws and provide services to their citizens. The land over which a government has controlled, is its territory. A country’s territory has boundaries or borders. When you leave or enter a country’s territory, you usually need a passport. A country’s military provides defense for its territory and its citizens. The military includes an army, an air force and a navy. The main purpose of a military, is to defend a country from attack. A country’s criminal justice system includes the police, courts and prisons. Its purpose is to enforce the law and protect the people from criminal activities. A country social services system provides support to people in need. It provides basic health care services and helps poor people support their children. Anarchy 。無政府狀態(tài)。獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治。獨(dú)裁政體Oligarchy 。寡頭統(tǒng)治的國(guó)家A state of anarchy exits when a country has no effective government. In anarchy, there is nobody to make decisions or enforce the laws. An autocracy is the simplest form of government. In an autocracy, the government is controlled by single individual, known as autocrat. Whether or not an autocracy is successful, depends on the character and ability of the leader. In an oligarchy, a small group of people controls the government. Membership in this group often depends on family connection, wealth or military power. In a republic, individuals are elected to represent the citizens. The power of government in a republic is limited by a constitution. A constitution is a written document that makes the rules for a government to follow. This limits the power of a government. A constitution defines the relationship between the government and its citizens. L4 Unit 31 dialogue 談?wù)摴ぷ鱅 hear you lost your job, is that right?Yes, that’s right. I quit. I quit because the way my boss treats people. What happen. I wasn’t feeling good one day and he yelled at me. While I told him not to yell at me, he threatened me. Is that all. That’s what bosses do.Sure, sometime maybe. But my treated everyone badly and I was tired of it. It was the less *The last str ?Yes, it reached the point where I couldn’t take it anymore. I see. So now you don’t have a job.Right, I don’t have a job.But at least I don’t have to deal with my boss thing. What are you going to do now?To be honest, I’m not sure. but I’ll fine something. I’ll get a job even if it pays less than before. Are you sorry your quit. Yes and no. I guess I should have found another job first and then quit. Why didn’t you. As I said, he pushed me too far. There were some thi